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“黑睛小眼”与“碧瞳深目”的对望

2016-08-22 11:47:26   东方早报

■中国人在描写西洋人相貌时所用的“深目”、“高鼻”、“碧瞳”等词汇,与“红毛”、“番鬼”等用语类似,体现出一种发自内心的鄙夷和蔑视。而随着西方人种学的逐渐兴起,西方人对中国人相貌的评价发生了反转。中国人“变丑”的过程几乎是与“变黄”同步的。

皮列士与顾应祥——近代早期中国人与欧洲人的首次对望

1512-1515年间,葡萄牙王室药剂师皮列士(Tomé Pires, c.1465-1524)游历南亚与东南亚一带,基于对东方的亲身观察,完成了《东方志》(Summa Oriental)。他在马六甲见过一些前来经商的中国人,并在书中记载了中国人的外貌、性格、习俗、服饰等,其中有一段专门描述中国女人,说:“她们和我们一样白,有的眼睛小,有的眼睛大,鼻子如常。”两年后,皮列士作为首位葡萄牙使节,搭乘费尔南·德·安德拉德(Ferno Pires de Andrade, ?-1552)率领的船队访华,于正德十二年(1517)夏抵达广州城下。

时任广东按察司佥事的顾应祥(1483-1565),此间代管海道事,正好遇到葡使皮列士来访一事。顾应祥对该船队和使团有详细的观察,并记录在其笔记《静虚斋惜阴录》中,其中对葡萄牙人的外貌描述道:“人皆高鼻深目,如回回状,身穿锁袱披裘,以皮为裤,又以皮囊其阴物,露出于外。头目常看书,取而视之,乃佛经也。”

皮列士对中国人的最初观察,以及顾应祥对皮列士使团成员的第一印象,可被视为近代早期以来中国人与西洋人的首次对望。尽管皮列士认为中国人非常懦弱,“用征服马六甲的十艘船,即可将中国沿海置于我们的控制之下”,但他对中国的整体评价是正面的:广阔、富饶、文明、人口众多;皮列士将中国人的外貌、肤色和穿着打扮与欧洲人对比,认为中国男人“更像日耳曼人”,中国女人“看上去像西班牙女人”。

顾应祥记载的重点在于“佛郎机铳”,谓其“用于海舶甚利,以之守城亦可”,但中国官员对这群不知“天朝礼体”的“远夷”印象很差,强行将他们带到光孝寺学习跪拜礼仪;而顾应祥“以皮为裤,又以皮囊其阴物,露出于外”的文字中,显然透露着鄙夷之情。

三年后,皮列士使团终于得以进京,但没能见到中国皇帝。又因费尔南·德·安德拉德之弟西芒(Sio de Andrade)在广东沿海为非作歹,以及马六甲王国被葡萄牙侵占的消息传至中国朝廷,皮列士使团一行被逐至广州,关进狱中。葡萄牙旅行家平托(Ferno Mendes Pinto, c.1509-1583)在他的《远游记》(Peregrinakgo)中说,皮列士后来出狱,娶了一中国女人为妻,还生有一女。就像《远游记》中很多内容一样,我们没有其他证据来证明这条记载的真伪。或许,平托读过《东方志》中皮列士对中国女人的评论,据此杜撰了这个故事?

皮列士和顾应祥用各自的眼睛观察着对方的眼睛,无论是眼睛的深浅,还是大小,在他们各自记录的文字背后,都蕴含着对对方眼睛的审美。皮列士笔下的中国女人,不管眼睛大小,都是他一整段对中国女人之美的正面评价的一部分;而顾应祥笔下,葡萄牙人“如回回状”的“高鼻深目”,是中国此前对西方白色人种的描述传统的延续。在整个近代早期,“黑睛小眼”和“碧瞳深目”基本上成为中国人和西洋人描写对方眼睛的格套式语汇,但其背后蕴含的审美判断,却因人、因时代的差异,而截然不同。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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