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寻找契丹后裔

2016-05-20 07:09:04   

什么事情都有一个认识过程。陈乃雄、孟志东和杨毓骧都写文章说云南契丹后裔的墓碑上有契丹字。云南省施甸县最早的契丹人后裔墓碑上的契丹字是在《阿苏鲁墓碑》上。上边有个契丹字。这个(一般写作)字的意思是“首长”,我曾误认为这个字很了不起,说明清朝道光年间契丹后裔还能认识契丹字。

真正看出问题的是北大2015年刚去世的刘浦江教授,他看了《阿苏鲁墓碑》的拓本照片后说,“甲山庚向穴”是堪舆学家的行话,是看风水人说的“东方甲乙木,西方丙丁火”之类的话。“甲山庚向穴”是说阿苏鲁墓的穴位方向的问题,“穴”本身是个汉字,也可以说是个契丹字,因为契丹字里也有这个字作。《阿苏鲁墓碑》中的是在“甲山庚向穴”的“穴”字下边再加一个形成的,是就合汉字“穴”。这样一来就发生问题了,“穴”究竟是汉字还是契丹字?不能一字两用,是“甲山庚向穴”就不能当契丹字用。我一看自己拓的这张拓本,“甲”、“山”、“庚”等字笔画很细,很秀气,横竖勾的笔画拐弯时均是方笔。“向”字除了第三笔之外的笔画也很细,第三笔的笔画特别粗,拐弯时是圆笔。与其他笔画不协调,至于当“首长”讲的这个字笔画特别粗,是因为“穴”后边所加的读为da的“”字笔画粗,而汉字“穴”笔画细,不协调。为了协调,就把“甲山庚向穴”中的“穴”的笔画也加粗成字。这样一来与“向”又不协调了,于是把“向”的第三笔加粗了。这样下去,可能得把整个《阿苏鲁墓碑》的字都加粗。于是就停止了加粗。所以我判断《阿苏鲁墓碑》上的字不是道光年间刻上的,而是1977年第4期《内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》出版之后或者说《契丹小字研究》1985年出版以后,知道契丹字里的“首长”怎么写之后才刻上去的,是某位契丹后裔就合“穴”字补刻而成的。

当初作为契丹后裔还没有完全确定时,恐怕证据不足,然后就往碑上刻点契丹字,为的是证明他们是契丹后裔,是好心做的事情。所谓的施甸方面墓碑上的契丹字,除了刚才说的《阿苏鲁墓碑》上的契丹字之外,再一个字就是“”。汉字的“凡”有两种写法,一种是把点写在里边作“凡”,另一种是把点写在上边作“凢”。写在上边的这个字既是契丹字,也是汉字,契丹字念“ɡe”。在《阿保墓志》里,有一句“今合族公议:凢在族党嫡孙,悉皆后裔”,其中的“凢”本来是汉字“凡”的异体字,然而孟志东和杨毓骧先生也把此处的汉字“凢”当作契丹字原字。原字仅仅是一个读“ɡe”的发音符号,并没有意思,只有与其他原字拼成单词之后才有意思。包括孟志东的书在内的论著把“凢”提出来作为契丹字是不对的,一个字不能既是汉字,又是契丹字。

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