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寻找契丹后裔

2016-05-20 07:09:04   

辽朝实行一国两制,“以国制治契丹,以汉制待汉人”。虽有首都辽上京,而皇帝又不经常住在首都,而是随着季节变化四时捺钵(契丹语音译,义为“行在所”)。辽代的政治中心不在首都而在捺钵。既有契丹人从事的游牧业,又有头下军州汉人经营的农业和手工业。

辽朝共传九帝(太祖、太宗、世宗、穆宗、景宗、圣宗、兴宗、道宗、天祚帝),于保大五年(1125)被女真人建立的金朝灭亡,“享国二百一十九载”。

辽朝灭亡后,经过金、元两代的民族大迁移和大融合,契丹人就逐步融合到其他民族中去了。早在清代乾隆时期,就有人提出达斡尔族就是契丹族大贺氏的说法。

1996年中国社会科学院和中国医学科学院牵头向国家科委申报了《分子考古学》的课题,内容是用现代科技研究契丹人到哪里去了。社科院由陈智超先生负责,医学科学院由杨焕明(中国遗传学学界的权威专家)先生负责。两个科学院都是我国的最高权威学术机构,成员除了陈智超先生和杨焕明先生之外,还有刘凤翥、李锡厚、刘春芸、吴东颖、塔拉、齐晓光、陈棠栋和李兴盛。我们提取了乌兰察布盟博物馆收藏的契丹女尸的手腕上的骨头做标本,从内蒙古考古所发掘的耶律羽之家族墓、耶律祺家族墓等墓群出土的有契丹字墓志,证明其确为契丹人的牙齿和头盖骨中提取遗传基因。我们还去莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗提取八十位达斡尔族男生的血样来提取遗传基因。去云南省保山市和施甸县提取自称是契丹后裔的八十位阿莽蒋姓“本人”的血样来提取遗传基因。我们把契丹人遗传基因与达斡尔族和阿莽蒋姓“本人”遗传基因进行比对,最后证明他们都是契丹后裔。我们所做的基因测定从文献学和医学上都具有中国最高学术权威。

云南阿莽蒋姓“本人”是契丹后裔的证据在于世代传承的广大民众对契丹民族的记忆和深厚的民族认同感。每家每户的祖宗牌位上都写着“耶律庭前千株绿,阿莽蒋氏一堂春”的对联。施甸县木瓜榔村有一个据说建于明代的蒋氏宗祠。在民国时期维修过,大门上刻着国民党的党徽,墙上绘有孙中山的遗像,遗像下面有“总理遗嘱”。当时修祠堂的阿莽蒋姓“本人”的民族好多都是汉人,但都认同是姓耶律的后代。在民国时代,少数民族没有便宜可占,说明至少在那时阿莽蒋氏族人就认同自己是契丹后裔,再加上基因测定,已经能证明云南的阿莽蒋氏族人是契丹后裔。这说明阿莽蒋氏族人认为自己是契丹后裔是历代口头相传、由来已久的,已经深入人心,是全体族人对契丹民族的心理认同感和归属感。所以施甸阿莽蒋是契丹后裔,已是毋庸置疑的事实。

某些人为了说明其为契丹后裔,往往出于心切而制造假证据。我认为《阿苏鲁墓碑》上的契丹字和《青牛白马图》就是今人制造的,不是古代文物。

由于我当时认识不够,曾在孟志东先生所著的《云南契丹后裔研究》(中国社科出版社1995年出版)一书的序言中说:“孟先生专著中所揭示的一些碑刻上的文字确确实实是地地道道的契丹文字,是两种契丹文字中的契丹小字。例如《阿苏鲁墓碑》中刻的由两个原字拼成的意为‘首长’那个契丹小字,就刻得极为规范,一笔也不多,一笔也不少。”鉴于我在契丹文字学界的地位,我的话影响了许多人。大家都相信我的话,认为云南契丹后裔的墓碑上有契丹字。这是我应当向广大读者道歉的。

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