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后母戊鼎背后的故事

2016-07-19 10:19:35   中国文化报

《殷墟》特种邮票“后母戊鼎

《殷墟》特种邮票“后母戊鼎”

党玉占

7月13日,中国邮政发行《殷墟》特种邮票,其中第二枚“青铜器”的图案是国家博物馆的镇馆之宝——司母戊鼎,现称“后母戊鼎”。这是迄今世界上发现的最大、最重的青铜器,也是河南安阳殷墟独特的符号。此前后母戊鼎已经两次绘入我国邮票。1964年8月25日,我国发行一套《殷代铜器》特种邮票,其中第八枚为“司母戊鼎”;2012年7月8日,我国发行一套《国家博物馆》特种邮票,其中第二枚“馆藏文物——鼎”,图案以“票中票”的形式再现了《殷代铜器》特种邮票中的“司母戊鼎”。

后母戊鼎1939年从河南安阳殷墟遗址出土,是商代青铜文化顶峰时期的代表作。它造型浑厚雄伟,重达875公斤,带耳高133厘米,长110厘米,宽78厘米,是我国目前发现最大、最重的青铜器。鼎身和鼎足铸有兽形花纹,两个耳上铸有两虎相向张口争食一人头,形象凶恶。大鼎用多块陶范浇铸而成,空心鼎耳和鼎身为分别铸造再铸接在一起的,在当时条件下,没有二三百人密切协作是不能铸造成功的,它集中反映了商代冶铸技术的高度发展和辉煌成就。

1959年,时任中国科学院院长的郭沫若考证鼎内壁的青铜铭文,认为这尊大方鼎铭文为“司母戊”三个字,于是这尊历经沧桑的大方鼎有了自己的名字——司母戊鼎。经考证,司母戊鼎是商文王丁为了祭祀母亲“戊”而专门铸造的。上个世纪70年代,随着妇好墓司(后)母辛鼎等的发掘,越来越多的专家开始提出:“司母戊”应该是“后母戊”才对。因为后有“君主”之义,例如“夏后”指的就是夏朝的君主。母是“母亲”的意思,所谓“后母”,不是继母之义,而是指君主的母亲,“戊”是她(君主的母亲)的名字。“后母戊”三字连起来是“君主的母亲戊”的意思。随着时间的推移,越来越多的学者赞同了“后母戊”这种说法。所以2011年3月底,这件国宝青铜器正式改名为“后母戊鼎”。

后母戊鼎的出土与保存经历了种种磨难。

20世纪20年代初,安阳小屯甲骨文的出土让这里的人们觉得脚下这片沃土可能埋藏大量宝物,探宝人不断出现。1939年3月19日的晚上,一位当地吴姓青年在武官西北岗吴家柏树林自家祖坟地里盲目探宝。当他把探杆钻到10多米深时,突然感觉碰到了硬东西,拔出后看到探杆头上带有铜锈,立即回村找堂兄吴培文商量。他们觉得自家祖坟地下可能埋有宝物,挖不挖很犯难,挖的话要破坏祖坟,不挖若是让已侵占安阳的日本人听到风声一定来挖。吴培文当即组织20多个小伙子进行挖掘。当挖到近13米深时,吴培文只身来到坑内拨开泥土,一截器物顶部显露出来,因鸡叫天要放亮,他们怕被日本人发现赶紧把坑填上,第二天晚上继续挖,一尊大方鼎露出全貌。吴培文指挥大家用3根圆木搭成架子,挂上辘轳,将鼎拉了出来。这就是后来闻名世界的国宝后母戊大方鼎。

铜鼎拉回家后,吴培文将它埋在垃圾坑里。事后大家决定应将大鼎卖给中国人。不久,当时中国最大的古玩商肖寅卿从北平专程来到安阳看这大鼎,吴培文感到他是位真正的中国买家,决定让他看看。肖寅卿看后出价20万大洋(相当于现在2000万元人民币)要买这尊大鼎,但又提出一个要求,为了运输方便不被日本人知道,要将鼎切割成10块。吴培文按着肖寅卿的要求买来锯条进行切割。由于这尊鼎特别结实,锯条都断了也没切割成,他们又试图用锤砸,也没有砸烂,这尊大鼎才逃过粉身碎骨的命运。

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