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名刹天隆寺及其塔林的六百年兴衰

2017-02-06 10:06:17   

万历十二年(1584年),古心自五台山返回南京,在古林庵传授律学。万历二十八年(1600年),古心在参与修缮大报恩寺琉璃宝塔过程中,在塔基处发现“宝志说戒图”,古心仿图中戒坛形式在古林庵建坛,传授戒法。南京古林寺因此名声大噪,成为公认的“中兴戒律第一祖庭”,寺内的戒坛被世人誉为“天下第一戒坛”,律学得以重兴。

万历四十二年(1614年),明神宗延请古心赴五台山“敕赐大护国圣光永明禅寺”开建皇坛,传授“千佛大戒”,钦赐“慧云律师”号,并颁赉“金顶毘卢帽”。

古心律祖作为南山律宗的复兴者,不但继承了隋唐以来佛教戒律的奥义,更将其发扬光大。天隆寺作为古心律祖的塔院、古林寺的分庭,其与律宗的因缘关系和地位不言而喻。

古心律祖圆寂前,曾召寺众于座下,“嘱累上首,以延律制”,并将其所创述的传戒正范、仪轨、坛仪等著作,授予其十二位法嗣。古心的十二位大弟子皆是“法门龙象”,他们受命分住各地,“南到鼓山,北至燕京”。古林律学遍行于天下,影响遍及全国。

不仅如此,古心律祖在天隆寺的弟子,也一代接一代地继续弘扬律学,再加上古心的几位高足圆寂后也建塔于天隆寺,使得天隆寺及其塔林闻名遐迩。

明万历皇帝闻讯古心圆寂后,命愍忠寺(今北京法源寺)大会海律师绘古心像,并亲笔题赞古心:“瞻其貌,知其人,人三昧,绝六尘,昔婆离,今古心。”

天隆寺塔林

天隆寺塔林位于玉环山上,其西面为天隆寺遗址,塔林现占地约400平方米。据考证,天隆寺塔林原有大大小小的墓塔五十多座,多为明、清至民国时期南京古林寺和天隆寺的历代祖师塔。如今塔林尚存22座塔,其中较完整的墓塔15座。15座塔中,最高的约3.8米。

古心律宗的全身塔,位于塔林的中心,塔基三层,塔身方形,其正面有阴文刻字:“传南山正宗第十三世//大明诏启皇坛传戒钦赐珠衣中兴律祖赐号//慧云古心罄公大和尚之塔//古林堂上开山第一代”。

天隆寺塔均为石质,这也是塔林经历了无数次乱世兵焚而能够得以保留其中一部分的主要原因之一。墓塔大部分为多段榫接的单层实心塔,亦包含少量多层楼阁式塔和覆钵式塔,塔多为四面或六面形,部分塔身为腰鼓形,其正面刻字,并分为塔基、塔座、塔身、塔顶等数段。

塔基上雕刻有图案的大部分为莲花,塔座、塔身和塔顶则形状各异,且雕刻的图案也不尽相同,有纹饰、动物、祥云以及植物(花卉、松枝)等。但不论何种图案,都是精美的高浮雕,线条活泼流畅,风格细腻洒脱。还有7座塔身存有碑文,具有历史参考价值。王成璞

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