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名刹天隆寺及其塔林的六百年兴衰

2017-02-06 10:06:17   

位于南京城南安德门大街和软件大道路口西北的天隆寺,有望得到重建。这座地处安德门外玉环山西南坡、相传始建于1500年前的南朝,并于明初重建、明代晚期开始兴盛的古刹,以及寺旁的塔林,在这几百年间,究竟经历了怎样的荣辱兴衰?

天隆寺的兴衰

据朱偰《金陵古迹图考》记载,相传天隆寺最早建于南朝(梁),寺名“极乐禅寺”。其后直至元末的兴衰,未见史料记载。

朱元璋定都南京后,佛教再次兴盛。于是,明代初期,在原“极乐禅寺”的遗址上又重新建寺,取名“极乐庵”。明宣德九年(1434年),寺僧弘升奏请赐额“天隆极乐寺”。

明正德年间(1506-1521年),南京守备、内官监余俊在“天隆极乐寺”西南四里(现西善桥贾东)建寺,并奏请朝廷赐额“祝禧寺”。按照明僧录司颁布的规制,寺院实行三级管理,大刹“大报恩寺”统中刹“祝禧寺”,“祝禧寺”再领小刹“天隆极乐寺”。“天隆极乐寺”虽得以重建,但在明代初、中期南京大大小小700多座寺院中,是一个没有什么名气的小刹。

明万历四十三年(1615年),古心律祖圆寂后建塔于此,其首席弟子莲宗尊师命分灯住持天隆极乐寺,并在此继续弘扬律学。为纪念古心律祖,“天隆极乐寺”一度改名为“如罄山塔院”,后又改为“天隆律寺”。莲宗大师其后的十几代弟子,也一代一代在此开坛传戒,使得天隆寺名扬四海。

清初,镇江金山江天寺、句容宝华山隆昌寺都曾分灯于此。当时著名的四画僧之一,与石涛、八大山人齐名的髡残,也曾隐居天隆寺。

据清乾隆史料记载,天隆寺在当时南京各寺中名列第三。该寺原有金刚殿、天王殿、毗卢殿等建筑,有基址1200平方米。

清咸丰三年(1853年),太平军攻克并占领南京,此后这一带曾是清军和太平军反复激烈厮杀的战场,天隆寺几乎所有建筑都毁于兵燹。清同治、光绪年间对天隆寺虽有修葺,但再也无法恢复原貌。民国年间,继续补葺了寺宇和塔院。抗战期间,雨花台及其以南的这片地区又成为中国守军抗击日寇的战场,天隆寺又一次经受了战火硝烟。

古心律祖其人

说起明代晚期至清朝中期天隆寺的兴盛,就不能不提古心。

古心俗姓杨,名如罄,字古心,溧水人,生于明嘉靖十九年(1540年)。古心在家时即笃信佛教,20岁出家,赴南京栖霞寺剃度为僧。在法师指点下,古心精心研究佛法,取得了很大进步。但他并不满足,千里迢迢步行朝拜佛教圣地五台山。通过对佛学的研究,古心深感要振兴中国佛教,必须从律宗学说研究入手。于是,古心刻苦研习律学,持戒谨严,在五台山僧俗大众中,被誉为优婆离尊者转世。

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