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故宫里的古树名木:“活的文物”也是“国之瑰宝”

2016-12-26 17:08:33   

御花园的坤宁门前有两棵明代的古楸树,在春季紫花盛开时节,分外绚丽。园东南角和西南角各有一棵巨大的龙爪槐,尤其是东边的一棵,是北京的“龙爪槐之最”,其主干周长达3米,它的数条大干沿水平方向弯曲伸延,如巨龙飞舞。无数的小枝下垂如钩,似虬爪拿空。此槐的姿态奇绝、情趣盎然,人称为“蟠龙槐”。园东北的堆秀山上高耸着一棵清乾隆年间白皮松“堆秀松”,此松遍身银白,树姿挺拔,它与周围的假山、方亭等搭配的相得益彰,自成一景。

在天一门里的钦安殿前也有两棵清代白皮松,其中东侧的一棵名“卧龙松”。园东部降雪轩前的平台上有一棵清代的太平花,为北京的“太平花之最”,太平花象征有“天下太平”之意。园西南的两棵清代龙枣为“北京的龙枣”之最。园中的牡丹、玉兰等,都是宫中的奇花异木。

古华轩因古楸树而得名

乾隆花园里有百余棵古树,有古楸、古柏、古松、古槐以及丁香等。这些古木中,尤以古华轩前的“古华楸”名气最大。它在明朝嘉靖年间种植,距今已四百多年。

楸树因其花呈紫红色,有“紫气东来”之寓意,一直被道教视为“仙木”,并在道观中广泛种植楸树。而嘉靖皇帝崇信道教,因此,他下旨在宫内广植楸树。乾隆花园的古华轩正是乾隆皇帝下旨为宫内的古楸树“古华揪”而修建,乾隆还为“古华楸”写有楹联一幅和题匾诗四首。楹联为“清风明月无尽藏,长楸古柏是佳朋”。题匾诗之一云“树植轩之前,轩构树之后。树古不记年,少言百岁久……”对联和匾额诗至今悬挂在门前和轩内。

古华楸高矗在古华轩的门西侧,它的主干向东倾斜,如今已用一根长长的铁管支撑起来,正好和古华轩融成一景。在古华轩的西侧假山石上,也挺立着两棵古楸树,它们比古华楸还粗大。

园中一殿院内有一棵清乾隆年间种植的白丁香,高达二层阁楼,是北京的“古丁香之最”。宁寿宫的门里东西各有古松9棵,被称为“十八罗汉松”,其中以“迎客松”和“矬松”为最。

慈宁宫花园里也有百余棵古树,花园门内的两棵明代古银杏是北京市区内最古老的银杏。院内的紫、白玉兰是慈禧心爱之物,咸丰皇帝曾给园内咸茗馆前的玉兰题诗云:“咸茗馆前三月半,紫云白雪玉玲珑……”

故宫建福宫花园建于乾隆年间,以牡丹和古松著称,在延春阁殿前是一大片牡丹。春天是牡丹盛开的时节,姹紫嫣红,满园春色,那时,帝后们不但携皇子、公主们前来游玩,也赐请皇亲国戚、文武百官来园观赏。在建福宫内有一清澈湖水,湖南岸有一古松,古松倒影在湖水内,故名“一泉松”。可惜花园在民国时被大火焚毁。

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