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故宫里的古树名木:“活的文物”也是“国之瑰宝”

2016-12-26 17:08:33   

张宝贵

故宫是我国明清两代的皇宫,也是世界上现存规模最大,保存最完整的宫殿群。它不但以巍峨壮丽、金碧辉煌的宫殿古建和馆藏丰厚的珍宝文物享誉世界,而且故宫内的“活文物”——古树名木,也因树龄古老、姿态奇绝而备受关注。

明清时期,故宫有四大花园:御花园、建福宫花园、慈宁宫花园以及乾隆花园,民国时期建福宫花园被大火焚毁。如今,故宫的古树名木,大多都集中在剩下的三个花园里。这些古树背后留下了诸多传奇的故事。

御花园里的“连理柏”

御花园里的古建精巧,花木扶疏,奇石假山玲珑剔透,犹如人间仙境。园内的古柏很多,而且大多是桧柏。因桧柏成树后,姿态古朴虬蟠,为皇家园林所青睐。

御花园内最著名的一棵古柏是位于天一门内久负盛名的“连理柏”,它为清乾隆年间种植。这棵“连理柏”是由两棵古柏组成,双柏的主干跨在北京的中轴线上,双干相对倾斜生长,上部相交缠绕在一起,成为一个巨冠。而且树干相交的部位已融为一体,成为一棵树。人们历来视树木的连理为忠贞爱情的象征,唐代大诗人白居易有脍炙人口的佳句“在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝”,因此这棵树倍受帝后们的喜欢,末代皇帝溥仪和皇后婉容曾在“连理柏”前照过合影。如今,很多游览故宫的情侣们,都会在“连理柏”前留念。

在“连理柏”上还有一绝妙景观:从树的北边看,树上西侧的一个大枝,其扭曲处很像一只猴头。这棵连理柏是乾隆皇帝受意所植,其双柏的连理也是经人工整形而致。而有趣的是,在天一门正南的大铜鼎前,也有两棵古柏,它们相对倾斜向上的两个大枯枝远看仿佛相交,不过近看其实并未相交。另外,在故宫东部的景福宫里,南北两个月亮门前各有一棵清乾隆年间的“连理柏”,这两棵“连理柏”分别和月亮门融为一体,成为独特的景观。

御花园内其他的古柏大都植于明代,距今四五百年。其中名柏有摛藻堂旁有“遮荫侯柏”,相传它也曾随清乾隆皇帝下过江南,并为其遮荫。乾隆在《古柏行》中诗云:“摛藻堂边一株柏,根盘大地枝擎天。八千春秋仅传说,阙寿少言四百年”。万春亭北有古藤缠古柏的“驼峰柏”,这棵驼峰柏也是一棵连理柏,为明代所植,但双柏早已枯死。在双柏的北侧种植一棵古藤,这棵古藤已三百多年,是北京最古老的古藤之一。古藤的枝干爬满双柏的巨冠,在夏秋时节绿叶满树,远远望去,整个树冠很像骆驼的双峰。万春亭西有“凤凰柏”,园北的延晖阁旁有“大肚罗汉柏”,园西边从南到北一字排开,矗立着18棵“十八罗汉柏”。这些古柏棵棵都雄伟壮观,气宇非凡。

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