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故宫城墙迎“最彻底”大修 对排水等系统升级改造

2016-11-27 02:49:20   

单霁翔说,据现有资料,该段城墙在上世纪50年代至70年代,有两次局部修补记录;上世纪90年代进行的维修,均以城墙外侧修缮为主;2013年发现严重险情,2014年对面层砖严重断裂、空鼓部分采取了临时的支顶加固措施。

本次修缮,会主要以城墙内侧修缮为主,对城墙地面、城墙内侧墙面、宇墙及堞墙内侧墙面进行修缮。

据了解,目前故宫已经开放了午门至东华门的城墙,约占总长度的1/6。单霁翔介绍,故宫正在制定城墙整体修缮方案,完成了老城墙的“延年益寿”工程后,将逐步对游客开放。

■ 揭秘

城墙“病症”如何诊疗

故宫博物院院长单霁翔说,目前存在城墙地面塌陷等问题,严重影响城墙的安全,如遇暴雨将有局部坍塌的可能,修缮工作刻不容缓。

据故宫专家介绍,在为城墙“诊疗”时,会以探地雷达手段为主,辅以多种手段验证城墙内部的情况。

例如,使用地震波层析成像测试,能够对城墙砖、夯土、灰浆进行物理力学性质、矿物成为、水理性质、抗风化性能的调查。之后进行人力钎探,可以验证探测结果。

“治病”时也会对症下药,针对城墙地面,会全面勘察、测量,回填地面凹陷处的夯土空洞,并对地面整体揭墁,全面重做防水,更换破损严重的地面、垫层砖。

城墙内侧的墙面,也会先全面勘察,采用摄影测量和网格化表达方式记录转砖材尺寸。拆砌面层砖断裂鼓闪严重部分,按原尺寸添配新砖,对七处离鼓最严重的位置,采取整体性砌筑方法恢复结构安全;挖补风化残损严重的砌砖,并铲除植被,杀灭根系。

至于堞墙、宇墙部分,也会拆砌变形严重部位,挖补局部面破损严重的地方,把宇墙墙帽整体重砌,并按原尺寸添配瓦件。

■ 看点

上修宫墙下挖管廊

修缮城墙同时,故宫还在进行基础设施改造的大工程。

单霁翔介绍,这是因为紫禁城建设历史近600年来,历经几朝修建,市政配套基础设施没有进行过全面的、系统的规划和改造提升。目前,存在配套基础设施设备老化、供应能力不足等安全隐患。

例如,现在有很多地下管线穿越了数座宫殿,它们可能发生的跑冒滴漏等问题,是古建筑面临的非常严重的安全隐患。

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