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揭秘李自成祖坟里的“小白蛇”真相

2016-10-21 15:30:44   

十一长假,将姚雪垠先生的《李自成》重读了一遍。洋洋三百万字的鸿篇巨制,在国产历史小说中,恐怕除了高阳先生的《慈禧全传》,迄今依然没有作品可以比肩,虽然全书是在特殊时期写就,难免在意识形态上有所桎梏,但无论文笔、结构、人物塑造、史料运用,都达到了极高的水准。过去人们往往认为第一卷最佳,其他四卷都失之于拖冗或草率,此次重读,我竟觉得整体都很不错,尤其第五卷,虽然从前读过,虽然明知以大悲剧终结,但读时依旧牵挂着每个人物的命运,猜想着“也许会出现奇迹”……不能不说作者如椽巨笔营造出的氛围,让读者沉浸其中不能自拔。

明末农民战争,是一段宏伟雄奇,怎样描述也难以呈现全貌的悲壮史诗,其中各种历史的吊诡,足以令后人感慨万千,而李自成毫无疑问是这部史诗的主角,对于他失败的原因,从古到今,各种分析总结的书籍能堆成山高,但是在明末笔记中,有一点被反复提及,那就是——李自成的祖坟被扒了。

一 神秘卖蒜人竟是钦差

崇祯十三年,即公元1640年,在商洛山养精蓄锐的李自成,趁着明军主力在四川追剿张献忠的时机,突入中原,开仓放粮,赈济灾民,并提出“均田免赋”的口号,赢得民心,队伍迅速由几千人扩大到几十万,接着他攻克洛阳,杀死福王,迫使“督师辅臣”杨嗣昌自杀,在围困汴梁期间,连续杀败左良玉和傅宗龙,整个中原的农民起义已成燎天之势,而明朝连防御兵力都所剩无几。

紫禁城里的崇祯皇帝急得坐立不安,不知是听了谁的馊主意,他于崇祯十四年给陕西总督汪乔年下了一道密旨,让汪乔年扒掉李自成的祖坟,断其“龙脉”,泄其“王气”。

清代有两部笔记,对此事的前后经过记述得特别详细,一部是《筠廊偶笔》,一部是《在园杂志》。

《筠廊偶笔》为清初学者宋荦所撰,多记晚明与前清的各种遗文轶事,富于史料价值。其中记载:崇祯九年,李自成自号“闯将”,率领着步骑兵千余人回到故乡米脂,给祖先上坟,很可能正是这一举动,引起了官府的注意,并产生了扒坟的念头。

扒人家祖坟毕竟不是什么光彩事儿,何况是天子亲自下令,崇祯皇帝是一个死要面子活受罪的人,跟满人和谈都一路藏着掖着,更别提扒坟这样的事儿了,所以他下达密旨的经过极为传奇。康熙年间的学者刘廷玑在笔记《在园杂志》中记述道:有一天,米脂县令边大绶正在堂上办公,“有一人赴诉卖蒜为兵所抢”,边大绶让他详细讲述事情经过,那人匍匐着爬到边大绶膝前,表面上哀诉自己种蒜如何不易,其实却用手按住边大绶的官靴,往下压了两压,边大绶吃了一惊,再看那卖蒜者的肤色气质,无论如何不像一个多年种地的农民,情知有事,便将他带到后堂,屏蔽左右,卖蒜者这才脱下帽子,撕开一道裂缝,里面有一封信和一道密旨,信是陕西总督汪乔年写的,介绍来人是宫中太监,让边大绶执行那道密旨,边大绶心惊肉跳地打开密旨一看,“乃命掘闯贼祖坟之诏旨”。

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