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魏徵(580年-643年),曾任谏议大夫、左光禄大夫,以直谏敢言著称,辅佐唐太宗李世民长达17年,进谏数百次,且多为唐太宗采纳。《旧唐书·魏徵传》记载,唐太宗曾多次感慨:“夫以铜为镜,可以正衣冠;以古为镜,可以知兴替;以人为镜,可以明得失。”这段流传至今的“镜子”名言中所说的“以人为镜”的人正是魏徵。在魏徵写给唐太宗的奏疏中,最有名的当属《谏太宗十思疏》,奏疏写于贞观十一年(637年),随着经济的发展,百姓生活越来越富足,唐太宗逐渐骄奢忘本,大修庙宇宫殿,广求珍宝,四处巡游,劳民伤财。魏徵对此极为忧虑,于是“频上四疏,以陈得失”。
贞观十七年(643年),魏徵病重,唐太宗到魏徵家中探望时流着泪问魏徵有什么要求,魏徵强支病体说:“我不愁别的小事,只担心国家的兴亡。”第二天,魏徵便溘然长逝,享年63岁。唐太宗悲痛万分,罢朝五天致哀,命以一品官礼葬,还把魏徵像画于凌烟阁上,经常前往吊唁赋诗,以示缅怀。唐太宗还在魏徵像前感叹道:“今天魏徵去世了,我失去了一面镜子啊!”对此,著名画家阎立本还绘有一幅《魏徵进谏图》。
刚炳为明成祖时期司礼监太监
赐葬八宝山 建护国褒忠祠
刚炳(约1348年-1403年),明洪武年间,他随侍太祖征战四方,甚得明太祖朱元璋的赏识。1370年朱棣受封燕王,他又随朱棣驻守北京。在刚炳的建议下,燕王招揽了姚广孝等著名辅臣。燕王起兵“靖难”时,刚炳随侍燕王左右,屡立军功,深得永乐皇上信任,常被永乐皇帝唤入内宫,并亲切地呼其为“刚铁”。由于常常出入于紫禁城,为防止奸臣进谗陷害,刚炳于是自己净身避嫌。
永乐年间,骁勇善战的刚炳曾扈从明成祖朱棣北征大漠瓦剌,再建功绩,被永乐皇帝提拔为司礼监太监。在攻取永平、保定时,刚炳智勇双全冲锋在前,夺得首功;在北征元朝残余势力时,又相继智取了阳和等地。其后,刚炳血染沙场,战死于大漠,明成祖朱棣甚为悲痛,念刚炳忠勇双全,不仅将其褒扬为“开国元勋”,还赐葬于黑山(今北京八宝山),“岁时享祭”,并为他建了一座祠庙——护国褒忠祠。
但也有人认为刚炳并无其人,因为《明实录》、《宦官传》等明代的多种史籍中,均没有他的记载。但在嘉靖十年的《重修皇明故司礼监太监刚公墓记》以及万历元年杨博所撰的《重修黑山会司礼监太监刚公护国寺碑记》中,却详细地描述了刚炳的事迹,比如他的交趾血统,洪武时“参侍帷幄”,常从太祖征伐,后封为燕王府承奉,随朱棣起兵靖难、征漠北。在靖难之役中,“亲犯矢石,首擒平保”,随成祖“北征瓦剌,智取阳和”,被提升为司礼监太监……
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