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皇帝祭天时的斋戒铜人是谁? 解密铜人起源

2016-10-20 15:30:17   北京晚报

天坛公园现在有很多祭天历史文化展览,每天都吸引了众多游人。然而,在天坛斋宫和祈年殿西配殿这两个分别从不同角度讲述祭天历史的展览中,却有一个令人奇怪的现象:在天坛斋宫的展览中,斋戒铜人下面的文字介绍是刚炳;在祈年殿西配殿的展览中,斋戒铜人又被说成了魏徵。此外,在斋宫大殿前斋戒铜人石亭里摆放的斋戒铜人雕像,与这两处展览中的铜人雕像也有所不同,亭子里的铜人帽子上没有花纹,而在两处展览中的铜人帽子上均有明显的纹饰……那么,斋戒铜人到底是谁?两处展览中所说的斋戒铜人为什么是两个人?大名鼎鼎的魏徵是唐太宗李世民贞观之治时期的谏诤之臣,可刚炳又是何许人呢?关于斋戒铜人,究竟有几种说法?

设置斋戒铜人始于明太祖朱元璋

铸铜人以示警

祭天作为乞求神灵赐福攘灾的一种仪式,曾是古代先民生活中的重要组成部分。我国从传说中的“三皇五帝”时代已有祭天活动,据《尚书·尧典》记载,帝尧时期“乃命羲和,钦若昊天,历象日月星辰,敬授人时。”从考古资料看,如今已发现的新石器时期祭祀遗址已有30多处。

祭天仪式中设置斋戒铜人,最早始于明太祖朱元璋。朱元璋在元末的战乱中审时度势,荡平群雄,逐元顺帝于漠北,建立了大明王朝。他认为自己能取得这样的丰功伟绩一定有上天的眷顾,所以每年都要举行隆重的祭天大典,表达对上天的感激。为了使这种感激表达得更加虔诚,明洪武二年(1369年),朱元璋命大学士朱升撰斋戒文:“戒者,禁止其外。斋者,整齐其内。沐浴更衣,出宿外舍,不饮酒,不茹荤,不问疾,不吊丧,不听乐,不理刑名,此则戒也。专一其心,严畏谨慎,苟有所思,即思所祭之神,如在其上,如在其左右,精白一诚,无须臾间,此则斋也。”朱元璋还规定:“临祭,斋戒三日,务致精专。”他觉得惟有这样“庶可格神明”。洪武三年(1370年),朱元璋谕“人心操舍无常,必有所警,而后无所放”,令礼部铸铜人以示警。铜人高一尺五寸,手执牙简,如大祀简上书“致斋三日”、中祀则书“致斋二日”。祀前三日,由太常寺进置于斋所。此后,祭天不仅成为明清两朝的一种制度,皇帝斋戒请出“铜人以示警”也成了必不可少的惯例。

魏徵被唐太宗李世民视为一面镜子

以人为镜可以明得失

祈年殿西配殿的祭天礼仪展览包括祭天历史以及明清两代皇帝的祭天礼仪、祭祀年表、祭天仪程等,斋戒铜人出现在“祭天仪程”部分,立在“看牲视牲”和“恭进铜人”前面的展柜中。展板上关于斋戒铜人的介绍文字是这样写的:“大祀前,礼部官要在皇帝斋戒处安设手执斋戒牌的铜人提醒皇帝斋戒。传说铜人为唐代著名谏臣魏征。”

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