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探秘三星堆:遗址发现后带来更大谜团

2016-09-07 09:53:40   北京日报

短短几年时间,燕家的“宝贝”一件件减少。广汉玉器的名头渐渐响亮了起来,很快传遍成都,终于吸引来了考古学家。

1931年春,在广汉传教的英国神父董笃宜,从燕道诚手中得到了几件玉石器。华西协和大学的美籍历史学家戴谦和当时鉴定这些玉器为商周遗物。几年后,当戴谦和把这些玉器放到他的好朋友葛维汉面前时,葛维汉惊愕不已。

葛维汉也是美国人,早在1911年就作为传教士到了四川,是个中国通。后来他返回美国芝加哥大学,获得了宗教学博士学位,继而又在哈佛大学学习了考古学、人类学。1932年,葛维汉重返中国,在华西协和大学任博物馆馆长、兼任人类学教授,教考古学、文化人类学。

葛维汉是第一个找到燕道诚的考古学家。

1934年3月15日,葛维汉与华西大学博物馆副馆长林名均教授等一行四人来到燕家,燕道诚热情地接待了他们。他们先在燕家的房屋旁边进行开方试掘,然后在第一个坑的南北两边各开一沟,作了延伸发掘。据当时的发掘记录记载:“邻近匪风甚炽,工作十日即行结束”。

挖掘工作草草收场,时间很短,收获却不少,共发掘出玉器、石器、陶器等文物六百余件,比燕家人第一次挖出的还要多。

葛维汉是以考古为目的挖掘广汉玉器的第一人,但最先对月亮湾玉器进行考古研究的是中国人。这个人是成都古董商人兼金石学家龚希台。

龚希台是1932年秋天从燕道诚手里买到的玉器,经过两年多的研究,他认为“燕道诚掘出玉器之坑及其周围是传说中古代蜀国望帝之所,出土的可以穿起来的绿松石珠则是古代帝王冕毓饰物……”

龚希台把他的研究成果写成一篇《古玉考》,发表在1934年成都东方美术专科学校校刊创刊号上。段渝说:“这是第一次把月亮湾遗址和古蜀国的历史联系起来。”

“蜀”作为国名,最广为人知的是后汉三国时期刘备建立的蜀汉,而古蜀国比三国时期的蜀国要早得多。只是这个古蜀国更像一个传说,它只是只字片语地存在于极少的史书记录中。

关于蜀国历史最著名的诗句是李白在《蜀道难》中所写:“蚕丛及鱼凫,开国何茫然!尔来四万八千岁,不与秦塞通人烟。”

蚕丛及鱼凫据说是古蜀国的两个王,在三星堆遗址发现以前,他们的故事就像夸父追日和女娲补天一样,只是神话传说。至于“尔来四万八千岁”的蜀国时间,恐怕是李白一贯的浪漫主义夸张手法。

古蜀国的历史,在东晋《华阳国志·蜀志》中才有一点无法考证的记载:“周失纲纪,蜀先称王。有蜀侯蚕丛,其目纵,始称王。” 据此推算,古蜀国应该建立于公元前1000多年。

龚希台的《古玉考》将广汉玉器与古蜀国建立了联系,而真正用考古学方法证明“古蜀国”的存在,时间是两年后。葛维汉于1936年在《华西边疆研究学会会志》上发表了《汉州发掘最初报告》,这是第一篇有关广汉古蜀国文化遗址的考古发掘报告。在报告中,葛维汉还提出了“广汉文化”的概念。

葛维汉的考古报告震动了历史学界,从而在上世纪30年代掀起了一股“广汉文化”的研究热潮。就连当时身在日本的郭沫若,也对“广汉文化”产生了浓厚兴趣。他和葛维汉早就相识,马上给葛维汉写信,要求对方赠与广汉发掘的全部照片和器物图形,先睹为快。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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