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汤显祖《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的生存场域

2016-09-02 09:12:47   光明日报

演讲人:邹元江 演讲地点:英国伦敦大学亚欧学院 演讲时间:2016年3月

【高峰耸古今 星光耀中西——纪念汤显祖、莎士比亚、塞万提斯逝世400周年】

一个让天下女子伤感至极的故事

汤显祖(1550-1616)在中国明代万历二十六年(1598)创作了杰出的传奇戏剧《牡丹亭》。该剧刚一脱稿就“家传户诵,几令《西厢》减价”“优伶争歌舞之”,从汤显祖在世时起直至明清时期几百年间,对读者和观众都产生了极大的影响,尤其是广大妇女都为剧中杜丽娘的命运而感伤。

如娄江丽人俞二娘,因酷嗜《牡丹亭》曲,惋愤断肠而死,年仅十七。万历四十三年(1615年),已六十六岁的汤显祖当见到俞二娘所批注的《牡丹亭》时,满怀伤情,写下了《哭娄江女子二首》诗:“画烛摇金阁,真珠泣绣窗。如何伤此曲,偏只在娄江?”“何自为情死?悲伤必有神。一时文字业,天下有心人。”又有杭州女伶商小玲,尤擅演《牡丹亭》,以致沉迷于其中而郁郁成疾。一日演《寻梦》,泪盈满面,随声倚地,春香上视之,已气绝矣。

我在这个演讲中引用的《牡丹亭》里的词、曲、对白等,都出自徐朔方、杨笑梅校注的《牡丹亭》。

该故事发生在宋光宗年间。南安府太守杜宝为了使独生女儿杜丽娘“他日(嫁)到人家,知书知礼,父母光辉”,请来腐儒陈最良坐馆教书。陈最良把《诗经·关雎》诗讲解成“无邪”,杜丽娘却在诵读“窈窕淑女,君子好逑”的时候,意识到《关雎》的爱情主题,骚动的情欲油然而生:“‘关’了的雎鸠,尚然有洲渚之兴,何以人而不如鸟乎?”

杜丽娘在春香的引领下来到了“姹紫嫣红”的后花园,在满目春色里“忽慕春情”:“天呵……吾今年已二八”,可至今还未有如意郎君,“诚为虚度青春”,不由得落泪:“可惜妾身颜色如花,岂料命如一叶乎!”她郁闷地回到房中靠着几案而眠。忽隐约见到一名书生手执柳枝翩翩而来。那书生将她抱到“牡丹亭畔、芍药栏边,共成云雨之欢”。忽然母亲将她唤醒,乃知是“南柯一梦。”由此,她竟夜无眠,更觉得自己“真个可怜人也!”第二天,背着春香,她悄向后花园寻梦,“寻来寻去,都不见了。……好不伤心也。”自此杜丽娘整日里“泪花儿打迸着梦魂飘”,不时魇语“我的人那!”,竟相思成病。一日照镜子,见已“瘦到九分九了”,她知道自己将要死了,忙叫春香拿来丹青、素绢,自画春容,并题诗一首。中秋之夜,丽娘伤春而逝。死前,嘱咐春香把春容藏于花园太湖山石下,又央告母亲把她葬在后花园牡丹亭边的梅树之下。

广州府秀才柳梦梅去临安考试,路过南安府时,寄宿在杜宝为女儿建造的供奉着丽娘神位的梅花庵中。他偶游花园,恰在太湖石边拾到丽娘的春容匣子,回到书房,把那春容挂在床头前,夜夜烧香拜唤。丽娘在阴间里一待三年,其鬼魂游到梅花庵里,恰遇柳生正在对着自己的春容拜唤。丽娘大受感动,与柳生欢会。丽娘向柳生道出实情,求柳生挖坟开棺。柳生钟情,毅然掘坟开棺,终使丽娘还魂。后又经过无数波折,杜丽娘携柳梦梅终于与父母大团圆。

《牡丹亭》的“题词”中所说,“天下女子有情,宁有如杜丽娘者乎?梦其人即病,病即弥连,至手画形容,传于世而后死。死三年矣,复能溟莫中求得其所梦者而生。如丽娘者,乃可谓之有情人也耳。情不知所起,一往而深。生者可以死,死可以生。”

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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