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早期中国对动物的道德化,不唯赋予各种动物以特定德性,亦将动物纳入一个道德谱系中,是一种深层次的宇宙图景的精神化。《大戴礼记》中有一个本体意味的万物谱系:一般动物(毛羽介鳞)和人同处于自然世界,麟凤龟龙等祥瑞动物(简称四灵)与圣人处于更高的神圣世界;平行的双层世界又有垂直的投射关系,四灵是动物之精,圣人是人之精。在哲学意义上,四灵象征从一般动物抽象出的超越的德性实体,圣人表示从人抽象出的超越的完善人格。《春秋繁露》还记叙了四灵出没的条件:为政者若爱惜、恩惠动物时,四灵便作为令人崇敬的祥瑞象征而出现;若残酷对待动物时,四灵便会隐退,并出现令人畏惧的自然灾难。在此意义上,敬畏四灵和爱惜动物不是对两种对象的截然不同的态度,而是内外贯通的关怀:对动物的爱惜,就是对四灵的敬畏;怀敬畏之心去施行爱惜,以爱惜之举来表达敬畏。
当代学者乔清举创见性地将祥瑞动物列入动物生态伦理的范畴,以四灵为例指出了“动物作为自然的神性标志的生态意义”。对中国思想有深切领悟的法国先贤史怀泽,曾提出“敬畏生命”的伦理思想,认为一切生命都是神圣的,包括那些从人的立场来看显得低级的生命。不过,“敬畏生命”落实到动物后是同情,与古代中国对祥瑞动物的敬畏之心是有区别的。换言之,在史怀泽的思想中,动物并不具有神性。这不难理解,在西方的基督教文化传统中,只有上帝才具有唯一的神性位格。而在古代中国,至上神“帝”早在周代既已取消,祥瑞动物作为“帝使”是德性的神圣象征。在此意义上,敬畏的真正对象不是四灵,而是为四灵所代表、为自然生命所承载的德性本身。
现代学界的动物关怀思想,大致有“动物权利说”和“动物福利说”两种。动物权利说主张,动物有其不可替代的固有价值,应平等的考量而不应取用;动物福利说不反对取用动物,但人类有义务使动物避免痛苦并造就其康乐生活。以古代中国对于动物的同情、爱惜和敬畏这三重伦理维度来观照,动物权利说的动机与同情之义相当,动物福利说的动机与爱惜之义相当。目前,源于西方的动物伦理学,始终在不懈地致力于、也局限于这两种意义上的论述,而以敬畏之心对待动物的态度是不见的。敬畏是古代中国独有的动物关怀精神。
(作者单位:天津医科大学医学人文学院)
责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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