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中国素食传统的国学蕴涵

2016-08-30 09:22:52   光明日报

作者:王汐朋 《光明日报》( 2016年08月29日 16版)

素食在中国有深厚的传统。《墨子》记载:“古之民未知为饮食时,素食而分处”,清人孙诒让注:“素食,谓食草木”。素食又称“蔬食”,《礼记》曰:“山林薮泽,有能取蔬食”,东汉郑玄注:“草木之实为蔬食”。素食自古以来是中华文明的饮食传统,中国以及整个东亚,饮食皆以谷物和蔬菜为主,与西方以肉为主的饮食习惯是不同的。舌尖之上是对美的品味,舌尖之下是文化精神的倾向。中国古代素食传统有着深厚的国学蕴涵,饱含着动物关怀精神,包括爱惜、同情和敬畏。其中敬畏之心,是相对于现代动物伦理所独有的精神特质。

“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物”,将动物视为生活资源,但怀爱惜之情有节制地取用,是古代中国关怀动物的主流思想。熟知的典故,如成汤“网开一面,德至禽兽”、子曰“钓而不纲,弋不射宿”等,主张有节制地捕猎动物。再如“鼋鼍、鱼鳖、鳅鳝孕别之时,罔罟毒药不入泽”(《荀子·王制》),强调取用动物应符合其生长节律。这些规定皆保护了动物资源的繁衍生息,有重要的生态意义。作为汉代施政精神的《盐铁论》指出,“夫一豕之肉,得中年之收,十五斗粟,当丁男半月之食”。饲养一头猪的谷物是一个成年男性半个月的粮食,深刻揭示了畜养动物的成本可以养育更多人,动物食料的成本远高于植物食料。这种近乎现代经济学的思想尽可能地避免了植物能量以动物能量的形式集中供给少数人,在古代中国保障了更多人免于饥馑而得以生存。

爱惜动物是“仁心”的发露,为政者以爱惜动物作为施行仁政的表态,在后世已成中国政治传统。如北魏孝文帝“至十五,便不复杀生,射猎之事悉止”,唐文宗下《禁弋猎敕》“保兹怀生,下遂物性”,以至北宋前期在短短几十年中频发包括《禁采捕诏》《禁屠牛诏》《放鹰犬诏》等十道涉及动物保护的诏令。动物生态伦理的政治化,是古代中国生态伦理的重要特征。

从人类认识的进程来看,在认识到万物与我是有区别的截然两物之后,再认识到万物与我的本原一体,是更深刻的认识。古代中国早有“泛爱万物,天地一体也”(《庄子·天下》)的哲学命题。深切地从动物生命身上直接体认这种思想,以恻隐之心同情动物,《孟子》最初表达了这种思想:“君子之于禽兽也,见其生,不忍见其死;闻其声,不忍食其肉。”宋儒程颐否定了动物天生作为食物的观点:“一说天生禽兽,本为人食,此说不是。岂有人有蚁虱而生耶?”(《河南程氏外书》卷八)对动物痛苦的感同身受,明儒高攀龙曰:“一般皮肉,一般痛苦,物但不能言耳。不知其刀俎之间,何等苦恼”,并在家训中嘱咐,“供客勿多肴品,兼用素菜。切切为生命算计,稍可省者,便省之。省杀一命,于吾心有无限安处。”(《高子遗书》卷十)晚清康有为在《大同书》中指出,鸟兽与人同本而至亲,“知识灵明,其去人盖不远矣,其知痛苦亦甚矣”,主张戒食动物,并预言未来世界一定是素食的社会。

对动物的恻隐之心,是在思维深处对“浑然与物同体”的默会体认。只有默会了鸟兽的疼痛恐惧与我的疼痛恐惧是同一个疼痛恐惧,鸟兽的生命与我的生命是同一个生命,“视天下无一物非我”,方才会有发自情感深处的呼应。在此意义上,同情是一种超越语言的直接认知,这在中国哲学中称为“良知”,即一种不假思索的善意。《易传·系辞上》对这种相感相通的精神超越性作了最高肯定:“易,无思也,无为也,寂然不动,感而遂通天下之故。非天下之至神,孰能与于此!”

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