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“建安风骨”之流变:宋朝后功能性价值得以凸显

2016-08-27 09:40:31   光明日报

唐王李世民在平定隋末社会大动乱之后即位,逐渐建立起一个统一、稳定和强大的新王朝。毫无疑问,帝国的繁盛对诗歌创作与品评产生了决定性的影响。刚健、雄壮而又辞采华茂的诗风成为诗人自觉的追求,我们在王勃《山亭思友人序》中便可见一斑:“开辟翰苑,扫荡文场,得宫商之正律,受山川之杰气。虽陆平原、曹子建,足可以车载斗量;谢灵运、潘安仁,足可以膝行肘步。”(《王子安集》卷四)相应地,在“建安风骨”流变史上,唐代两个标志性人物是初唐的陈子昂与盛唐的殷璠。陈子昂最早标举“汉魏风骨”的旗帜,大声疾呼:“文章道弊五百年矣。汉魏风骨,晋宋莫传。……齐梁间诗,彩丽竞繁,而兴寄都绝。”(《与东方左史虬修竹篇序》)将“兴寄”与“风骨”联系起来,张扬“骨气端翔,音情顿挫,光英朗练,有金石声”的美学,达到与“建安作者相视而笑”的境界。罗宗强先生认为,这使得他所倡导的“风骨”说在继承建安诗歌慷慨苍凉的风格之外,又富于壮大高昂、寥廓雄浑的气概(《隋唐五代文学史》第84页)。

殷璠《河岳英灵集》则从理论上概括了李白、高适、岑参等盛唐诗人对风骨的追求和创作实践,提出“言气骨(即风骨)则建安为俦,论宫商则太康不逮”及“神来、情来、气来”等美学命题,可谓是对陈子昂理论旗帜的呼应。有学者指出,盛唐诗人在此对传统进行了创造性转化,以“盛唐风骨”或“盛唐气象”替换了“建安风骨”,使刘勰“风骨”说焕发了生机,但也发生了内涵的流变(孟登迎《刘勰“风骨”说及其流变》,《晋东南师专学报》2000年3月15日)。在笔者看来,这种流变既呈现为从文、辞到兴象、境界的迁移,又体现为自道德而审美的流转,折射出时局变迁对诗学风格的深刻影响。

但值得注意的是,如果说唐以前对“风骨”的建构主要表现为阐释和发明的话,那么宋以后则更加凸显其功能性价值。换而言之,当所谓的“盛唐气象”随着大唐帝国的衰落而消隐时,批评家对“建安风骨”的呼唤其实有着很明显地矫正时弊、为往日招魂的倾向。比如,严羽张扬的“复古”旗帜,直接针对的是被“江西诗派”把持的文坛;而前后七子所强调的“文必秦汉,诗必盛唐”,所要救治的也是台阁体、八股文盛行的朝野和科场。更重要的是,在严羽看来,学作诗“入门须正,立志须高;以汉、魏、盛唐为师,不作开元、天宝以下人物”,“论诗如论禅,汉、魏、晋与盛唐之诗,则为第一义也”(《沧浪诗话·诗辨》)。可见,通过有意识的复古行为,“建安风骨”的内涵不再只是一种值得模仿的诗风或格调,而成为雄健深沉的民族精神的载体,被千百年来的文人学士所珍视。

在这个意义上,有必要重温鲁迅先生的那番话:“据我的意思,即使是从前的人,那诗文完全超于政治的所谓‘田园诗人’‘山林诗人’,是没有的。完全超出于人间世的,也是没有的。既然是超出于世,则当然连诗文也没有。诗文也是人事,既有诗,就可以知道于世事未能忘情。”(《魏晋风度及文章与药及酒之关系》)“建安风骨”的流变史,一方面恰切地说明了时局变迁与文学格局、气度之间的内在关联,另一方面也提醒我们应该更客观地看待文学与政治的关系这个古老命题。对政治的参与和理解,深化了诗人的生命体悟;文学的温情与浪漫,又赋予政治一种别样的情致。当“建安文学”走出建安,当“建安风骨”不再只是某一个时代的符号,而成为整个民族对“壮美”与“崇高”的生活想象时,我们才更为深沉地洞察了“文变染乎世情”的深意——在时代与文学的张力中,一种审美的精神值得永恒地盼望和期待。

(作者单位:吉林大学珠海学院)

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