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“建安风骨”之流变:宋朝后功能性价值得以凸显

2016-08-27 09:40:31   光明日报

作者:王洪琛

建安风骨,作为中国古典诗学的重要范畴之一,不仅指代汉魏之际雄健深沉、慷慨悲凉的文学风格,也一直是南朝以讫宋明批评家品评文学的主要标准。千年以来,这枚鲜活而真实的文化种子,历经流变,由狭入广,自道德而审美,深刻地影响了中国人的族群认同与生活想象,成为了解我们文化特性的一个不可或缺的符号,折射出时代迁移与诗学理念的复杂关系。

自汉末延至魏晋南北朝,是中国历史上一个漫长的阵痛时期。社会的动荡和分裂,政权的瓦解和崩溃,以及儒学衰微和玄风炽盛,共同构成了士人人格裂变与心灵超越的主要原因。人才选拔的标准在悄然发生变化,“德”不再是唯一的尺度,而“才”或与才华相伴的身体性灵之美得到重视。这显然就是“风骨”脱颖而出的时代背景。对此,刘义庆《世说新语》与沈约《宋书》中多有记载。“风”,指风姿、风韵和风神,用于品鉴人物的姿态和气质;“骨”,指骨相,用于赞赏人物的体格和形象。而这种视角与标准一旦形成,迅速影响到魏晋时代的审美自觉,并对绘画、书法以及文学的鉴赏与创作产生深远影响。比如,吟诵“老骥伏枥,志在千里。烈士暮年,壮心未已”(《步出夏门行·其二》)的曹操,期待“使名挂史笔,事列朝荣,虽身分蜀境,首悬吴阙,犹生之年也”(《求自试表》)的曹植,以及其同时代的“建安七子”和女诗人蔡琰等,这个所谓“俊才云蒸”的曹魏集团就是其中最杰出的代表。

而对“建安风骨”进行理论总结并提炼其美学精神的,首推南朝齐梁时代文学理论家刘勰。众所周知,《文心雕龙》的基本立场是从儒学古文派的视角审视文学的起源与创作。由此出发,刘勰首先将“风骨”概念从带有玄学色彩的人物品藻功能拓展至“明道”“宗经”的文学批评尺度。其次,他继承曹丕所揭橥的“文以气为主”(《典论·论文》)的理念,一方面强调作家的生命体悟对创作的关键作用,另一方面又鲜明地突出文学与时代的内在关系:“观其时文,雅好慷慨,良由世乱积离,风衰俗怨,并志深而笔长,故梗概而多气也。”(《文心雕龙·时序》)在这里,他糅合先秦以来的“诗言志”说和陆机“缘情”说,将一种深沉的时代意识与精神关怀结合起来,既重视古直质朴的作家作品,也并未贬低魏晋时代在辞采和声律方面的创新,其格局与气度,为“文学自觉的时代”作出了理论的注脚。在此基础上,刘勰以“慷慨以任气,磊落以使才”来概括建安文学的美学特征,在时代的大脉动中突出生命的悲剧意识,进而推送出“建安风骨”这个中国诗歌美学的批评典范。

这一运思角度在与刘勰同时代的钟嵘诗论中得到了延续。一般认为,钟嵘《诗品》虽未明言宗经,却也有明显的儒学痕迹,对风雅体制的宗奉一以贯之。比如,《诗品序》中所强调的“气之动物,物之感人,故摇荡性情,形诸舞咏”,便是对荀子《乐论》以及汉人《乐记》和《毛诗序》的提炼。可见,荀子、王充等人以“气”为物质基因的宇宙构成论,实际上成为《诗品》的理论基石。而具体到对建安文学的论述,主要体现为崇尚雅正、重《风》抑《骚》的审美倾向。尤其是其中对曹植的称许,简直达到无以复加的程度:“嗟乎!陈思之于文章也,譬人伦之有周孔,鳞羽之有龙凤,音乐之有琴笙,女工之有黼黻。俾尔怀铅吮墨者,抱篇章而景慕,映余晖以自烛。故孔氏之门如用诗,则公干升堂,思王入室,景阳、潘、陆,自可坐于廊庑之间矣。”(《诗品上》)而这种以古为上的品评格调,紧密地回应了这个时代对“情兼雅怨”“怨而不怒”风格的呼唤与渴望,与刘勰真可谓英雄所见略同,也进一步奠定了“建安风骨”在古典诗学史上的重要地位。

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