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“御用铁锅”祖传600多年面临失传 海选传人

2016-07-29 10:44:46   广州日报

汪金元和他的“古董”铸模机。

晌午时分,江西省萍乡市东街镇界头村铸锅厂内依然是一派热火朝天的景象:熔铁炉里正喷出熊熊的火焰,十多名工人有的往高温熔铁炉里投放材料;有的从熔铁炉里取出火红的铁水,然后往铁锅模具里浇灌铁水;有的工人用钢刷将刚刚出炉冷却后的大铁锅进行打磨。今年70岁的汪金元是萍乡市东桥镇出了名的“铁锅匠”,他祖上世代以铸铁锅为生,这门绝艺至今已传承了600多年。这种铁锅经“祖传秘方”炼制,曾是皇帝的“御用炊具”。但如今,老匠人也面临新问题,铁锅绝艺也面临失传。为了铁锅手艺不失传,汪金元愿意将铁锅“祖传秘方”传给外人,他也公开向社会“海选”铁锅绝艺的传人。

文、图 广州日报记者肖欢欢、李华

汪金元的铁锅厂晚上和早上开工,下午停工。“锅炉车间的温度会比外面的温度高10摄氏度以上,外面的温度35摄氏度,里面的温度就有45摄氏度,像烤火一样,人受不了。”中午12时,十多名工人聚在一起,每人一瓶啤酒、一碗米饭、一碟小菜,还有从田间地头采摘回来的黄瓜,蘸着酱油吃。这是工人们一天最温馨的时光。

铁锅曾是慈禧“御用炊具”

热风炉里冒着热泡的铁水温度高达1300摄氏度。汪金元的皮肤变得黝黑,和地上的焦煤颜色差不多,鼻孔中也是一片黑色,沾着煤灰,煤灰混合着汗渍,在脸上形成一道黑色的泥印。因为要长期端着50斤重的铁水往模具里面倒,汪金元也练就了一身力气。尽管已经是70岁的老人,但他用铁勺端着一瓢50斤的铁水,走到30米开外的冲床前,依然稳稳当当,老人身上甚至显示出健硕的肌肉。

汪金元已记不清自己是这种古法铸锅工艺的第几代传人了。父亲和他讲过,从自己的高祖父那一代起,他家已是萍乡闻名遐迩的冶炼世家,人称“铁锅王”。地方志显示,萍乡这种传统的手工铸锅工艺,早从明朝起就已经传下来了,迄今为止已经有600多年历史了。到了清朝乾隆年间,这种手工铸锅工艺更是达到登峰造极的地步,这种手工铸锅由于工艺精美,厚薄均匀,表面光滑,并且炒菜不容易烧焦烧糊,炒出来的菜格外好吃,所以深受朝廷欢迎,成为朝廷御用的炊具,乃至贡品,就连慈禧太后也吃过这种铁锅炒的菜。清朝中期,这里的手工铁锅“御用炊具”的名声传遍国内,除了江西外,周边的广东、福建、湖北等地也都大量使用萍乡手工铁锅。直到20世纪80年代,这个铁锅厂的年产铁锅数量还在30万个以上,成为“铁锅之乡”。

冷风炉铸造铁锅。

成型后的铁锅。

“祖传秘方”相传600余年

在汪金元看来,萍乡铁锅工艺之所以能发展起来,并且成为一绝,一是因为当地有大量的冶炼燃料——焦煤;二是有特别适合做锅模的泥料;三是这里聚集了一大批来自全国的顶尖手工匠人。600多年来,这种传统的铁锅铸造工艺一直是他们家的“祖传秘方”。在界头村,熊熊炉火600多年来一直没有熄灭过。

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