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建在唐代还是宋代?一枚铜钱揭开北庭故城秘密

2016-07-26 10:02:35   光明日报

主持此次考古发现的巫新华博士说:“对北庭故城外城所建年代问题,学术界争论了一百多年,有认为是唐代建的,也有认为是宋代建的。因为唐代建的实物证据没有出现,所以许多人都认可了它是宋代建的观点。我们此次发现的实物强有力地证明:北庭故城外城是唐代所建。”

已经年过七旬的中国社会科学院研究员蒋忠义亲临北庭故城的考古现场,他十分兴奋,在所挖30多米长、70多厘米深、一个台阶又一个台阶的探沟里,走上走下地详细讲述他们的发现。

这条探沟从内城墙打通到城墙外,并延伸到护城河边。最下层为灰色土质,蒋忠义说:“这就是唐代的地面了,从这一点可以看出,当时的城墙是平地建起的。最让我们感到幸运的是,就在这片土层里我们挖到一枚唐代的开元通宝钱币,这完全指向了城墙是唐代所建。”

在这条断面上,一层层的夯土痕迹十分清晰。据蒋忠义说,这完全符合唐代建制。“当时规定填五厘米的土,夯实成三厘米的城墙。这段城墙下层都是这样做的。但在中间却有偷工减料之处,夯土层厚了,说明当时工人没有严格按要求施工。这样的工程无法保证它的坚实性。从目前城建形制上看,它与唐代一些大都市是一样的。”

一层层的夯土上,大致一样的夯窝密密麻麻,这也符合唐代建筑要求。“先要夯五次,再夯三次,再夯二次,最后夯一次,这样做出来的城墙最结实、耐固。”蒋忠义说道。

从现场可以看出,城墙基底宽16米左右。城墙外是一条唐代的路面,也就是我们现在所说的“环城路”。唐代路再向外,是一条宋代的路。“为什么说它是宋代的路呢?因为我们在这个土层发现了宋代钧窑的瓷片。”蒋忠义笑着说。

宋代路再向外,就是一条铺有石子的现代路了。这三条路均为四五米宽,文化层十分清晰。蒋忠义说:“在城墙外我们还发现有焚烧的痕迹,是当年施工时工人所为,还是后人所为,目前尚不好说,但从我们的发现看,这片土层里出土了众多的陶器残片、动物骨头等人类生活痕迹,有待于我们再深入地研究与调查分析,才能说明它们的存在原因。”

据专家推测,北庭故城很有可能毁于元末明初的战火中。公元1412年,蒙古王马哈麻袭杀元主,建立了别失八里国。后因内部争夺王位,互相残杀,加上外部瓦剌人的入侵,被迫将中心迁到伊犁河流域一带,北庭故城可能就在那时毁于战火中。那城墙外焚烧的土层仍让人产生无限思考。

故城秘密一步步被揭开

曾经从汉到唐宋都很有名的北庭故城,到明朝时期记载已经非常少见。当它重新进入人们视线时,已是清朝。而清朝第一个记录它的人,就是大名鼎鼎的纪晓岚。

清朝乾隆年间,纪晓岚受命到吉木萨尔考察。考察中他发现一座规模很大的城址,这个城址令他受到极大震撼。之后,他在《乌鲁木齐杂诗》和《阅微草堂笔记》中分别记载了这次考察见闻:此城是唐代李卫公(李靖)所筑,故城周长四十里,城墙都是以土夯筑而成,城中地面到处是黑煤,挖掘一二尺后才见到土。据此,纪晓岚推测,故城是毁于战火。

纪晓岚的踏勘使这座沉睡已久的千年古城再次进入人们的视野,而唐代诗人岑参的北庭情结,让我们更深地了解了北庭。

天宝十三年(公元754年),岑参二度出塞,当时封常清出任北庭都护、伊西节度使等职,他推荐岑参为大理评事摄监察御史,并充任安西、北庭节度判官。这段时间里,岑参感受和体验了边塞的自然风光、各民族的不同文化习俗等,创作了30多首与北庭有关的诗篇。

“最令我们兴奋的,就是从目前发现的情况看,北庭故城从建城形制、施工工艺、所用工具等各个方面都表现出唐代建制,说明在那个时代,这里就与中央王朝的联系十分密切。它所有的建筑模式均是采用唐代建制。在这片远离中原政权的天山北麓地区,统治着这么大一片国土的最高统帅部门所在地,处处显示出大唐的威严与繁华,确实很了不起。”蒋忠义说道。

(本报记者 王瑟)

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