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建在唐代还是宋代?一枚铜钱揭开北庭故城秘密

2016-07-26 10:02:35   光明日报

北庭故城城墙上清晰可见的夯窝。本报记者 王瑟摄/光明图片

已是晚上9点多了,在新疆吉木萨尔县北庭镇附近的北庭故城,阳光还十分炙热。64岁的南门村村民王习豪和同村的13位村民,停下手里的活,准备回两公里外的家。

“在这干活十几天了,是北京来的考古队。我家四代都居住在南门村,从小就听说这是唐城,但看了他们的工作,才知道他们是要证实这个事,真不容易呀。”

王习豪所说的北京来的考古队,是中国社会科学院考古研究所新疆工作队,为了保护北庭故城,来此进行考古挖掘。出人意料的是,他们仅仅在北庭故城南门遗址挖了十几天,就出土了一枚唐代开元通宝钱币。北庭故城外城是唐代所建,还是宋代所建,学术界争论了一百多年。在考古专家看来,这枚刚出土的唐代铜钱,或将成为这场争论的“终结者”。

北庭故城曾经的辉煌

北庭故城是唐代北庭大都护府所在地,为古丝绸路新北道的必经之路,是天山以北、巴尔喀什湖以东、以南广大地区的最高军政中心,更是唐朝对这片广袤区域实行有效控制权的见证。

清代中叶,我国学者徐松曾对这里出土的唐代金满城残碑作过考证,证实故城为唐代北庭大都护府所在地。新中国成立后,国家和新疆多次进行调查并征集文物,出土了唐代铜质官印“蒲类州印”、铜狮陶兽、开元通宝以及各种花砖瓦当等,并确定为新疆第一批区级文物保护单位。

1980年10月,由中国社会科学院考古研究所新疆工作队对北庭故城进行了初步调查。初步认为现存的外城墙可能建于唐朝初年,后经两次修补。内城大约建于高昌回鹘时期,在修建内城时,对外城又进行了一次大规模的修补和加固。但这一观点因缺少出土文物无法证实,受到人们的质疑。

1988年,北庭故城被国务院公布为第三批全国重点文物保护单位。

2011年4月,为配合北庭故城国家遗址公园的保护和建设利用,中国社科院考古研究所新疆工作队与吉木萨尔县文物局在北庭故城进行了考古发掘和钻探。2012年8月到10月,为配合世界文化遗产项目丝绸之路北道枢纽北庭故城申遗工作,重点了解北庭故城核心区域的建筑格局和遗迹的分布、保存状况,河南省洛阳市文物钻探管理办公室对它进行了考古调查勘探工作。

2013年12月,北庭故城被列入国家考古遗址公园名单,成为世界文化遗产丝绸之路“长安—天山廊道路网”的一个点。

此后通过一系列的调查发现,北庭故城城址呈不规则长方形,南北长约1.5公里,东西宽约1.2公里,周长5公里左右。南、北、西三面城垣尚存,全以土夯筑而成。人们还普遍认为,故城外城修建年代较早,使用时间较长。

从史书上可以了解到,北庭故城在唐代时最为繁盛,从庭州到北庭都护府,再到北庭大都护府,它的级别不断提升,管辖范围也在不断扩大,最终成为天山北麓军事、政治、经济和文化的中心。这个规模宏大的西域重镇是何时因何原因而建,又最终废弃的呢?

铜钱佐证北庭故城外城是唐代所建

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