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朱德的党性:遭遇疾风苦雨 始终赤胆忠心

2016-06-28 09:24:54   中国纪检监察报

其实,朱德这一时期一切工作的精髓就是“团结”二字。10月,南下红军发起绥(靖)、崇(化)、丹(巴)、懋(功)战役。朱德被派到前方部队,在前敌指挥部与徐向前共同指挥作战。朱德态度磊落,提出部队既然南下,就应当打开战局,找块立脚生存的地方。他不当“空头司令”,积极行使职权,了解敌情,研究部署,共下决心;他毫无保留,没有一点私心,与徐向前等交流川军“惯打滑头仗”的特点,提出要发挥运动战的特长,以快以巧制敌。连续作战期间,朱德就像当年在中央苏区带部队一样,拿起手中笔,撰写并发表《绥崇丹懋天芦战役山地河川及隘路攻击之注意》、《青龙场的战斗是天芦战役中的模范战例》等一系列文章,对成功的战役不吝褒奖,对出现的问题细致总结,利用一个又一个范例对军事原则详加阐述,对指战员们进行战略战术的具体指导。从10月至翌年2月,朱德与广大指战员休戚与共,面对数十万国民党军队的围攻,共同经历了初期的胜利、百丈决战的失利、直至最终不得不撤出天全、芦山地区的整个过程。

这一时期,无论形势如何变化,朱德总是在忍耐中尽量发挥作用,哪怕是翻越雪山党岭时,也从不使用坐骑、担架,而是在步行、休息中与指战员们讲故事、话革命。南下的挫折与失败固然使四方面军损失严重,但同时也使大家信服了朱德,领悟了毛泽东“南下是绝路”的英明论断与南下的错误,这正是朱德一点一滴的努力、身体力行的作为争取的结果。

  终究拨云见日

朱德不仅仅争取广大四方面军指战员的人心,同样也耐心地争取张国焘。即使张国焘挂上了“临时中央”的牌子,走上了分裂的道路,朱德仍然一边与他商量军事行动,一边心平气和、以理服人地规劝张国焘。

张国焘想让指战员们在分裂问题上争论、打架,借机树立个人独裁,朱德坚决制止,但理直气壮,“我们现在是如何支持下去,下面再打架,就活不下去了。要不要命?”张国焘见朱德言之有理,不得不停止了这个做法。朱德抓住张国焘另立“中央”问题不放,但注意方法,他耐心地规劝张国焘,你这个“中央”不是中央,你要服从党中央的领导,不能另起炉灶,闹独立性。张国焘理不直,气不壮,顾忌朱德的意见,不敢在分裂的道路上走得太远。多年之后,张国焘在回忆录中承认自己没有继续纠缠于分裂活动,因为朱德要求他“留下转圜余地”。

转圜的时机终于来临。1936年1月24日,中共驻共产国际代表团成员张浩从陕北致电张国焘,明确表示“共产国际完全同意中国党中央的政治路线”,要求张国焘成立西南局。共产国际的态度使张国焘另立“中央”的独角戏再也无法表演下去,四方面军广大干部表示服从共产国际决定,朱德、刘伯承抓住机会,劝说张国焘服从党中央领导,张国焘不得不接受以西南局直属共产国际中共代表团领导的过渡办法,并在2月同意了朱德等人提出的北上方案。

彻底改变张国焘的态度,主要原因之一还是朱德紧紧抓住与红二、六军团会合的契机。1936年3月,四方面军进兵康北,朱德明确表态要在此久留,以接应红二、六军团。朱德用心良苦,只要与红二、六军团会合,主张党和军队的团结的力量就更壮大,就有把握实现北上的目的。为此,在张浩从陕北来电不同意这一安排的情况下,朱德仍然坚持与红二、六军团共同北上的决心。也正是鉴于将要与二、六军团会合,以及中央同意同四方面军“暂时采取协商方式”的承诺,张国焘不得不在6月6日宣布取消自立的“中央”。6月23日、30日,朱德亲自迎接红二、六军团,向萧克、王震、贺龙、任弼时、关向应介绍张国焘闹分裂、另立“中央”的真相,与他们统一了对张国焘的态度。在贺龙、任弼时等人的坚定态度面前,张国焘再也无法坚持错误做法。7月2日,朱德在甘孜举行的庆祝红二、四方面军会师的联欢会上讲话,指出,我们要继续北上,要北上就必须团结一致,不搞好团结是不行的。要克服一切困难,到陕北和毛泽东、周恩来率领的第一方面军会合。

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