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故宫画医巧手补残卷 曾修复《游春图》《五牛图》

2016-06-02 09:18:25   北京晚报

手握鹅卵石,在一副手卷背面,均匀涂抹过一层川蜡后,徐建华向徒弟演示如何用石头打磨压制纸面。

2016年春季,纪录片《我在故宫修文物》大红,铺天盖地的公众号都在赞美一群故宫文物修复者,在网络上,手艺精湛的老师傅们更是深得90后乃至00后们的追捧。

65岁的徐建华出现在第三集里。他身形微腴、头发花白,讲起话来京味儿十足。他是裱画科里年龄最长、资历最老的修复师,也是故宫古书画修复技艺的第二代传人、国家级非遗大师。相比起外界印象中故宫的那份神秘,徐建华更希望人们能用平常心看待他们这些匠人,也希望能有更多人关注修裱这门老行当,让这门手艺能传承下去。

入行至今始终心怀敬畏

故宫的西北角,至今都是一片没有对外开放的区域。如今在网络上大火的“故宫博物院文保科技部”就坐落在这片区域内。不像名字那样高大上,文保科技部地处古老的院落中。院里树很多,这个时候的御杏树已经结满了果实,一个个黄绿相间的果子随风摇曳。看上去朴实无华,但这里却是整个故宫办公区内唯一设置了门禁的地方。

走进裱画科,最醒目的莫过于那几张宽大的红漆裱画案。徐建华说,修裱的桌子都是红色,因为宣纸浸水后在红底子上会特别清晰透亮,能让修复师看清画意和字迹,而装裱的桌子通常是黑色,为的是对比明显。

早上8点刚过,徐建华已经喝足了茶,戴上老花镜,开始了一天的工作。他正在端详的是徒弟高翔制作的几幅手卷。因为是刚入行一年的新手,高翔修复的手卷,用的是文物的复制品。可工艺上却一点不含糊。手卷的修复很难,一是长度长,二是工序多,极考验一位修复师的修复技能。

徐建华的左手很粗糙,虎口的位置有些泛白,掌纹里或多或少都“藏”着一些白色的不明物质。“是糨子”,他笑着解释。在故宫科技部,修复师们手上都有自己这门行当的“痕迹”,就像装裱的手上通常有难以洗净的糨子,修钟的手里通常有一股煤油味儿。

在行内,装裱分苏、沪、扬、京四大流派,苏裱因细腻淡雅,修旧如旧,特别受追捧。1974年,23岁的徐建华被分配到故宫。刚来这里时,老师傅陆续面临退休,故宫急需尽快培养出一些接班人。于是,曾经在上海当过兵,能听得懂南方话的徐建华,成了有“装裱界梅兰芳”之称的修裱大师杨文彬的徒弟。

跟随老师学习,徐建华最先学会的是敬畏。“故宫修复的书画,都是孤品、绝品。稍有不慎,就会造成无法弥补的损失。”他至今记得,师傅工作中修复的一级文物极多,而这些文物任意一件放在当下,都是千金难买的无价之宝。师傅每次接到修复任务,就会紧张得几天吃不下饭、睡不好觉,琢磨修复方案时,会一根接一根地抽烟。“这也是我们这一行的职业病。修裱的人,大多都有胃病。因为高度紧张,胃痉挛的时间很长。”直到现在,修复一件古书画时,无论是否文物,徐建华依然要高度集中精力,他要预判修复时可能出现的各种问题,比如湿水后会不会掉色,揭裱后画心会出现什么状况,补配的绢、纸应该如何染色,就像医生那样,用智慧和双手延续古书画的生命。

修复珍贵文物步步惊心

红墙琉璃瓦下,时光,在故宫里仿佛也放缓了脚步。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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