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《金瓶梅》作者是孔天胤?化名“兰陵笑笑生”

2016-04-25 09:20:47   山西晚报

吕世宏说,孔天胤在《清夏嘉树园》中写道:“投老遂忘年,兼忘区里缘。力疲南亩艺,时借北窗眠。树影云添重,池光月抱圆。嗒然吾笑我,所守一虚玄。”孔天胤五十岁左右被陷害,一气之下辞官回了老家,把自己的住所命名为“背郭园”,他对明世宗、严嵩等主宰的国家已经失去信心,这首诗正是他退休后的生活写照。“嗒然吾笑我”是对“笑笑生”名字的解释。“嗒然”指失意的样子,“吾笑我”指“自笑自己的可笑”。而孔天胤坚持活下来,依靠的是“所守一虚玄”。虚玄,指“虚幻玄妙”的玄谈,暗指他十几年来在创作小说。“嗒然吾笑我”套用的是南宋郑刚中的《自笑》诗——“自笑自笑笑我愚”。郑刚中殿试考取探花(第三名),为官清正很有建树,被秦桧捏造贪弊革职。孔天胤殿试榜眼,正直好儒,因为不巴结严嵩、陆柄之流,被弹劾。“笑笑生”,孔天胤暗指自己就是明代的郑刚中,他的这种心情在《咏背郭园之韵》一诗中有更加明显的表现:“退耕从所好,苟简故随缘。茅结观书地,林开晒药天。疗饥瓶口粟,买醉杖头钱。了此一生事,宁须二顷田”。

郑刚中《自笑》诗中有句“安得瓶中有储粟”,孔天胤把“瓶中粟”改为“瓶口粟”,“疗饥瓶口”是暗语,借李瓶儿(小说主角)的嘴巴鸣不平。“杖头钱”指放荡不羁地喝酒,故事出自西晋竹林七贤之一的阮籍,阮籍将钱捆绑在拐杖上,到酒店喝了酒,钱让店家自己去拿。孔天胤“放荡买醉”,借写西门庆荒淫来麻醉现实中的自己。“了此一生事,宁须二顷田”申明自己寓居“背郭园”,不是留恋二顷田,而是为“了此一生事”,那么托付后半生的事就是创作《金瓶梅》。

2 特产说

《金瓶梅》很熟悉山西,原来作者文谷是孔天胤

令人惊奇的是《金瓶梅》的作者对汾阳十分熟悉,提到汾阳杏花村,还有各种各样的汾阳酒。

小说中出现竹叶青酒,并赞美“三杯竹叶穿心过,两朵桃花扑面来”,三十八回说:“内臣送我的竹叶青酒,里头有许多药味,甚是峻利”,说明明代竹叶青酒与现在的已经十分接近。还有清香的河清酒、腰州红泥头酒等都是暗指汾酒。“金蹬马踏芳草地,玉楼人醉杏花天”,这是元代汾酒的广告,真品保存在大英博物馆,却被《金瓶梅》引入到小说中。小说第八十九回写清明踏青,料峭春寒,对汾阳杏花村的景象描写得更加细致,“三尺垂绕杨柳岸,一竿斜插杏花旁”,这几乎就是杏花村标志了。小说还特意设计了杏花村大酒庄,“十里长堤杏花村酒楼下,设放桌席等候”。

也许有人问,《金瓶梅》的作者为什么这样熟悉山西的情况呢?最新发现的明代文献《重修天宁寺碑》记载“文谷作金瓶梅”,文谷就是明代山西人孔天胤,那他对汾阳杏花村熟悉是再自然不过的事情了。

3 地名说

虚构山东清河县百家村,暗示孔天胤老家在山西西河县百金堡

“《水浒》中的‘武松打虎’本来发生在阳谷县,《金瓶梅》却改为清河县。而明代的山东是没有清河县的,所以这是刻意安排的。”吕世宏说。长期以来,大家习惯在山东找作者,其实犯了个简单的错误,《金瓶梅》托名山东不可能是写山东,更不可能是山东人写的,否则作者等于自报家门,在明代一旦暴露身份是要被治罪的,因此作者实际上是声东击西,仅是借山东地名而已,写的是“晋人语”和山西事。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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