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北京史上第一个公墓:曾是皇家禁地 长眠近百名人

2016-03-31 16:12:42   北京晚报

王荣光系江苏人,是民国初期顶级建筑大师,15岁便到英国建筑师金斯密在上海开办的事务所做学徒,受到系统的培训,不但掌握了房屋设计和建造的技能,而且在建筑工地打拼20多年,积累了丰富的实践经验,对万安公墓的兴建倾注了大量心血。遗憾的是工程尚未全部完工,他便于1937年猝然病逝。之后,由他的长子王明德全面接手万安公墓的建设与管理。

万安公墓整体布局犹如一只昂首的长寿大龟,寓意“万世平安”。庞大的墓园中按照中国传统的五行方位学说布局,区内又以《千字文》、《百家姓》为组号。墓碑、墓表的设计吸取了西方的样式,造型各具特色。墓区建有道路、亭台、牌坊、碑碣、围墙、桥梁等,中央特建礼堂、追远堂、经堂、休憩室等,“俱采中外最优美方法布置之”,整个公墓可谓中西合璧,其建制自创始之初就很完备,此后北京所兴建的公墓多以此为参照。

新中国成立后,万安公墓仍由王明德私营, 1960年由政府接管。1966年以后的十年间,万安公墓的安葬业务基本停止,整个墓地遭到大规模破坏,树木被大量砍伐,墓碑、墓表被砸毁,断碑残壁,满目荒凉,直到1978年才陆续进行修复。

曹禺墓碑

万安公墓曾是皇家禁地

明末清初,万安公墓所在之地是大面积的沼泽地带,水草丰茂。草丛中经常出现一种小花蛇和一种不大不小的乌龟,看上去有些与众不同。据传,有一年初夏,乾隆皇帝巡游至玉泉山上,见西面不远处有一大片湖泽,周围是一片碧绿,于是走下山来,朝那一片波光粼粼的地方走去。走了半个时辰,他来到一片沼泽地带,欲仔细观望,忽见一条小花蛇爬到他面前,接着又有一只小乌龟爬到他眼前。小花蛇和小乌龟围着他转了三圈儿,忽地消失在草丛里。乾隆皇帝顿悟:莫非这小花蛇是龙种后裔?而这小乌龟乃有长寿之命,它们均为祥瑞吉兆。他于是下旨:“此地为龙游龟藏之所,乃天宝地灵之域,尔后附近村民不得在此打鱼摸虾,割草伐薪,违者按破坏大清风水龙脉论处。”自此这里便成了清廷的皇家禁地,并派人在此看守。据1934年出版的《香山名胜录》记载:“这地方叫龟蛇汇,因有积水潭,时产金纹丹睛龟和黑质红章之蛇,体皆清秀,性也灵驯,因以为瑞。乾隆闻之,前往验看,信然。钦天监谓:山川灵气所钟,故产此灵物,因此划为禁地。”

百余年后,这一带的沼泽逐渐消失,但土地甚是肥沃。随着清王朝的灭亡,当初在此看守禁地的人们便在此定居下来,以耕种为生,其人数也由最初的几个人繁衍为几十人,逐渐形成一个小村落,因村落之西的香山南麓有万安山,故称“万安里”。

王世襄墓碑

万安公墓长眠着哪些名人

万安公墓是北京安葬名人最多的公墓之一,八十多年来长眠了两万余位社会各界人士,其中在中国近现代历史上有着一定影响的人物有近百位,既有革命烈士、社会活动家、军政要人,也有科学家、艺术家及工商界名人。

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