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北京史上第一个公墓:曾是皇家禁地 长眠近百名人

2016-03-31 16:12:42   北京晚报

1933年4月,各界人士为安葬李大钊纷纷捐款,其中鲁迅捐款五十,钱玄同捐款二十。

户力平

随着清明节将至,前往陵园扫墓、祭奠亲人的人也越来越多。目前北京市有公墓、墓园、陵园百余处,多位于京郊及周边地区。那么,北京历史上是什么时候开始有的公墓,第一座公墓又建于何处,长眠了多少名人?

“公墓”一词始于何时

公墓,即“公共坟地”,早在原始社会就已经出现,那时没有家族概念,部落成员死后葬在一起。进入私有制以后,开始出现以一家一姓为单位的家族墓地。“公墓”一词最早出现在《周礼·春官·冢人》:“冢人掌公墓之地,辨其兆域而为图。先王之葬居中,以昭、穆为左右。”封建时代的所谓“公墓”,一种是国家或地方官绅出面为贫困无葬地的人死后建立的慈善性质义地,一种是城外的义园、义地,隶属于各地方会馆或行业会馆,只是安葬客死他乡的人,早年间北京周边就有许多义园、义地,这些墓地不仅占用大量土地,而且不便管理。

现代所说的“公墓”,是指具有相当设施和管理规模,并不以姓氏和地域为安葬限制的公共坟地,打破了封建家族观念,其产生是受西方文化的影响。正如《北平香山万安公墓章程》所言:“惟公墓之组织,其制创自欧西,实较吾华族葬为完备。”为区别于古代的“公墓”,多将这种近现代以来出现的公墓称之为“现代公墓”。

1928年,当时的中华民国内政部公布了一个公墓条例,倡导各大城市选择适当地方建立公墓,以废除盛行已久的私墓,改善城市卫生和转变风俗。同年12月,北平市政府令土地局、社会局等部门在城外空旷地带寻找“百亩以上之公地数方”,准备建立公墓,并令社会局“设法宣传劝导人民废除私墓”。虽然选择过几个地方拟建公墓,皆因位置不适合等原因未能确定。

马占山墓碑

万安公墓开北京近代公墓先河

据《万安公墓史略》载:1928年曾任北洋政府交通部司长的浙江人蒋彬侯在京西购置土地,准备开办学校。但他迷信风水之说,加上政府正在筹划建立公墓,于是欲与时任“恒生营造厂”经理的王荣光合作,将此地辟为公墓。因地处香山南麓余脉万安山正阳,故称“万安公墓”。蒋彬侯、王荣光关于创办公墓的申请很快得到批准和支持,北平市政府派人实地勘察后认为:“该处地址确系高爽平原,方圆约一百余亩,地势极为空旷,西为万安山,北为香山,东南为玉泉山,四围并不邻近村落,该地址并已筑有庄院,若再加以修葺添盖,即足敷用,颇状观瞻,且已修有土马路一条,直接香山马路大道,交通也甚为便利,以之筹建公墓,至为适宜。”于是,王荣光出钱,蒋彬侯出地,于1930年兴建了北京历史上的第一座现代公墓。

万安公墓的兴建,解决了当时政府开办公墓的燃眉之急,“迎合社会,而利公葬,爱惜土地,发展民生”,且政府将公墓视为慈善事业,所以当时广受媒体关注。1931年9月万安公墓在西城辟才胡同内设立办事处,《民国日报》以《万安公墓办事处成立——工作甚为紧张》为题进行了报道。

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