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专家:圆明园文物价格会比同类器物多个零

2016-03-20 15:07:36   广州日报

现如今,刘阳已经给超过五百件圆明园文物精准定位,并挖掘出它们背后鲜为人知的故事,出版了一本迄今为止最全面的圆明园“图录”——《谁收藏了圆明园》。刘阳说,有些文物的发现过程有如神助:在西单附近随意溜达,他偶一回头看到一个私人宅院里有两座造型奇特的石鱼。后来在单位翻阅老照片,两张外国人于20世纪20年代拍摄大水法的老照片的一角,赫然显现的是当年在西单的“惊鸿一瞥”。在有关部门的促成下,这两个石鱼重新回到了圆明园遗址公园。2005年,石鱼回归圆明园的新闻很是热闹了一阵,但讽刺的是,石鱼是第三个,同时也是最后一个回归圆明园的文物。

关于“圆明园”的新闻总是能在社会上热闹一阵,再一阵风式的过去。2014年,北大校友黄怒波说是从挪威赎回7根圆明园的石柱,要捐献给北大的博物馆。究竟应该捐给北大还是还给圆明园?被媒体好一番讨论,可事后没有人去追踪这八根柱子的最终去向。“它们还在挪威呢。”刘阳说。

“圆明园”仿佛是一枚神奇的镜子,表面上照到的是一派热热闹闹,有心人才能看到浮华散尽后的寂寥。

在刘阳的书里,有两件文物令人印象深刻。一是2012年在英国伍利·沃利斯拍卖的银碗,碗上用英文清晰记录着:这是一位英国军官用1860年从圆明园拿走的白银制作的;一张是当年圆明园的劫掠者之一邓南的照片,这位将军穿着皇帝的龙袍,头上戴着一个太监的帽子,透着一股滑稽的怪异。这似乎暗示着:无论是改变它的物理属性,还是堂而皇之地据为己有或披挂上身。岁月总会在最后,以它独特的方式彰显真正的历史:它其实从没有真正地属于你。

刘阳告诉记者,当年英法联军洗劫圆明园,带走的大都是瓷器和其他陈设品,书画典籍之类的带走的不多。它们很多毁于大火,或者在国内就地变卖,比如钟繇的《荐季直表》,是三国时期的珍贵书法作品,乾隆皇帝把它列为所有文物收藏的第一位,一直珍藏在圆明园淳化轩。1860年的浩劫之后,一位英国军官将这幅字卖给了广州的文物贩子,几经辗转落入藏家裴氏手中。有一天,裴氏突然找不到这幅字了。历时一年半的调查,终于有下人承认拿了这幅字,就埋在后院里。当裴氏兴奋地挖出这幅字,却发现,在没有密封好的油脂包里,《荐季直表》早就泡成渣了。“很多的圆明园文物,其实躲过了大火,但没有躲过贪婪。贪婪才最可怕。”

清雍正 御制掐丝珐琅双鹤香炉(2010年香港佳士得拍出了1,11亿元)

已知的圆明园文物

六成都在私人藏家手里

广州日报:一个流行的说法是,圆明园本来有文物大概80万~150万件。您认可吗?这个数字是怎么算出来的吗?

刘阳:这个说法缺乏史料依据。清宫所有的陈设文物都有详细记录。但遗憾的是,圆明园的陈设档案在1860年英法联军劫掠之后就下落不明了,圆明园曾经拥有多少文物就成了谜。这个数字是比照同时期、同级别的其他皇室建筑中拥有的文物件数来推算的。比如避暑山庄,有确切的数字是60万件;而圆明园无论是从规模、等级地位、和对皇室的重要性来说,都超越了避暑山庄。

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