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广州“三坊七巷”成保护典范 开店有严格准入制度

2016-03-08 08:38:25   广州日报

老宅因为名人而富有文化气息,而三坊七巷的建筑本身也富有历史内涵。其中具有典型代表的便是水榭戏台,戏台建在水池上,导游方姐介绍,古人聪明,懂得借助水产生低音的效果,而戏台边修建了一条小道,这是点戏后,戏童传递戏名的通道。记者站在水池前着凭栏回望二楼却一无所获,因为二楼巧妙地被瓦片遮挡。戏台二楼是女眷和小孩看戏的场所,开戏前女眷和小孩先行入场,看完戏却后离场,以体现尊卑有序。而楼上楼下的区隔也体现了古代男女有别的传统思想。

方姐介绍,古时坊巷之间互通有无,邻居之间不闭户,一来是邻里和睦,二来如遇火灾也方便逃生。

严复故居。

一度破败

居民过多老屋不堪重负

虽然人物辈出,但三坊七巷依然没有逃过历史车轮的碾压。

福州市三坊七巷管理委员会主任杨勇介绍,因为人口增加,加之新中国成立后一些外来人员的到来,很多人就被安排住进了三坊七巷的一些老院子里。“老院子的生活状态因而发生了变化,院子原来都是士大夫和达官贵人居住的地方,他们生活水平高,有经济基础支撑,因而当时院落维护做得比较好,但随着人口激增,三坊七巷原来的建筑容纳不了这么多居民,人们于是在三坊七巷里自发地盖了一些房子。还有一些单位为了办公的需要,拆掉了老房子,重新建起了一些相对高层的建筑。

生活方式的转变也让这片文化街区不堪重负。例如三坊七巷内没有排水系统,上下都靠自然渗透,原来街区内的粪便有人收集,但后来就没有人收集,人们为了解决做饭、上厕所、洗澡等问题,又自主搭盖了很多房子。“整个建筑的格局都发生了变化。一部分被拆掉,一部分乱搭乱盖。”提起前事,杨勇不免遗憾。

而上世纪90年代起,旧城改造使得三坊七巷再次面临可能被破坏的命运。

杨勇说,当时长期居住在三坊七巷的老百姓向往住进高楼大厦,享受现代化生活,所以他们也急迫要求要改善生活条件。

最初,港商获得了三坊七巷的开发权,但他们的改造方案是将文保单位迁建,将它们集中到一条坊巷中。这一方案当时认可保存的文保单位只有40余个,而将很多文物集中到一起,显然破坏三坊七巷的整个格局。

“当时社会上对改造方案产生了比较大的反响。相关部门也认为这种模式对文保单位是一个破坏,所以就叫停了。”

直到2005年,福州市才开始与开发商谈判,经过艰苦的谈判,终于讨回了三坊七巷的开发权。已有千年历史的三坊七巷迎来了春天。

涅槃重生

注资46亿回复古街风貌

“到了2006年,国家对文化遗产保护的认识就完全不一样了,我们提出来要保护、修复‘三坊七巷’,在这个过程中,省、市委领导都高度重视,一共投入了46个亿进行改造。”杨勇说,政府在经济、政策上都给了三坊七巷以支持。

“我们高起点地制定规划,委托同济大学与清华大学分别做了两个规划,一个是街区保护的规划,另一个是文物保护规划。”杨勇介绍说,后来三坊七巷的文物保护规划在时任国家文物局局长单霁翔的指导下提升为文化遗产保护规划,“它要求把物质文化遗产的保护跟非物质文化遗产结合起来。”

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