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天宁寺古塔旁大烟囱存40年 是拆是留专家意见不一

2016-03-04 15:09:12   法制晚报

2009年,“二热”燃油机组正式关停,有关部门提出拆除原“二热”大烟囱。不想,2015年末,“天宁1号”文化科技创新园提出要在保留它的原貌和历史痕迹,不破坏烟囱本身结构的前提下,将其打造成为西二环天宁寺地区的地标性建筑。

袁家方指出,国际工业遗产保护委员会(TICCIH)对工业遗产的定义是:具有历史价值、技术价值、社会意义、建筑或科研价值的工业文化遗存。2015年关停的石景山热电厂,从1922年开始向京城送电,有着93年的历史,是北京最老的燃煤热电厂。50余年后,才有为北京局部区域供热的二热出现。只这一比较,二热的历史价值不言自明。

2015年关停的第一热电厂,建于1955年,为国家“一五”期间156项重点工程之一,是新中国在首都建设的第一家高温高压热电联产企业,其科技价值二热无法与之相比。在袁家方看来,二热在北京城市及人们生活中,影响微乎其微。二热与北京其他多座热电厂比较,也没有独特可言。

综上所述,二热,包括其大烟囱,不属于具有历史价值、技术价值、社会意义、建筑或科研价值的工业文化遗存。不说其最初规划时的争论,仅从经历40年的实践检验,人们已经看到,二热是个放错了地方的电厂。

  主张暂保 烟囱或成景观点 拆除工程可能威胁古塔安全

崔金泽,比利时鲁汶大学雷蒙·勒迈尔国际保护中心博士研究生。对于天宁寺大烟囱的拆与留,他也提出了自己的观点。

二热通体高达180米的烟囱,紧邻全国重点文物保护单位天宁寺塔,位于其三类建控地带内。根据北京市的规定,该地段的建筑控制高度为9米,烟囱远超过这个标准,而对于57.8米高的天宁寺塔来说,无疑也属于庞然大物。拆除烟囱的工程,是否会对古塔的安全构成威胁?

如此大体量的混凝土烟囱,若拆除应采用定向爆破。在千年古塔旁和密集的居民区中组织爆破,想必难度赶超精细的外科手术。

崔金泽说,如果没有稳妥的方案出台,拆除烟囱的工程本身有可能会对古塔造成的安全隐患,远甚于一切因保留它而可能产生的负面影响。

崔金泽认为,二热已经停产多年,厂区也将改造为创意园区,烟囱不再产生污染物,其本身又未与文物本体直接接触,它的存在应该对古塔的安全不构成直接威胁,应主要从环境景观的角度进行分析。

随着时间的演进,文化遗产的价值评估标准也是不断变化的。烟囱与古塔伴生已有40年,这种景象无疑是持久、怪诞且引人注目的,尤其是对于西二环路上由北向南驶过天宁寺桥的司机来说,每天在堵车的时光反复注视“双塔”,印象不可谓不深刻。这一景观还以插图的形式出现在王军的著作《城记》中,旁证北京在建国后的工业化转型。这种情况下,“双塔”的景观有可能产生了新的意义与价值。

  是拆是留 不存在对错之分

关于大烟囱的未来,新华社记者王飞一直在搜集相关的意见,并采访了近10位专家。

王飞告诉《法制晚报》(微信ID:fzwb_52165216)记者,一些老专家主张拆除大烟囱,年轻专家则认为不是非拆不可。此外,大烟囱让周围老百姓感到压抑,却又是一些民众的童年记忆,对于这个庞然大物,民众的情感记忆可谓复杂。

据王飞介绍,受制于周边环境,180米高的大烟囱,难以实施定向爆破,须一点点拆除。若是保留,则面临如何利用的问题,有人提出利用这个高点,进行公益广告宣传等方案。

王飞坦言,就他个人而言,更倾向拆除烟囱恢复古塔的文物环境和地标位置。但留下它也有意义,即那个不尊重文物时代的实物例证,这段历史同样值得我们铭记。古塔与烟囱,二者对立也好、共生也罢,都是一段历史记忆。

至于烟囱的拆与留,没有对错之分,所以在讨论中要避免相互“扣帽子”。而学者专家、普通民众,大家在此发出不同的声音,这本身就有促于文保理念的进步。

文并摄/记者 崔毅飞

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