文化 > HOT
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China

“骑凤仙人”丢失引关注 “房檐儿”凝聚耐心

2016-02-28 11:35:21   每日新报

而文庙的一大特色也就在上方的装饰上。上个世纪60年代,文庙垂脊上的一处断裂引起了魏克晶的注意。在过去的建筑中,垂脊往往直接装在“大吻”上,但是文庙的这个接口处却多了一个兽头造型,这在以往的建筑中是十分罕见的。经历岁月的洗礼,兽头部分已开裂。为了能够修旧如旧,魏克晶到北京门头沟寻找师傅进行原样烧制,但是当地的匠人却从未见过相似的东西,只好回到天津“考察”测量,原样烧出了这个奇特的兽头。

把家搬到“长城”脚下 用架子赢得独乐寺修复

古建筑修复,在条件有限的年代里,就需要文物保护者们开动脑筋、付出辛劳。天津黄崖关长城的修复从1984年开始一直持续到1994年,整整10年,而独乐寺的修复从1990年开始用了8年。在这样的日子里,魏克晶和他的同事们几乎就把家搬到了现场。

他回忆当年独乐寺的修复从开始就面临着很大的困难,在专家论证阶段,一位业内德高望重的老教授一直反对独乐寺的修复,核心观点就是:“独乐寺的价值太过重大,而天津本地的修复水平不能达到要求。”魏克晶说,为了能够获得支持,他们决定让专家们“眼见为实”。在上世纪90年代初期,他们会同南方的古建筑修复专家,共同设计了一个当时在全国来说都堪称先进的“脚手架”。这个架子不仅是一个施工架,也是一个文物保护架,同时也能进行文物修复工作。架子上有工作品平台,一些拆下来的文物可以不落地,直接放在平台上进行修复。这个技术含量高、功能齐全的架子,让专家们感到惊叹,配合整个修复计划,才通过了对修复工作的论证。

“骑凤仙人”也叫“鸡道士” 初期用来美化钉帽

“骑凤仙人”,汉族民间也叫做“仙人骑鸡、鸡道士”,民间对此有着各种各样的传说,传说源自清代。殿宇顶上除正脊外,还有垂脊。垂脊上的吻兽名称较多,除叫垂脊吻外,还叫屋脊走兽、檐角走兽、仙人走兽等。檐角最前面的一个叫“骑凤仙人”,也叫“仙人骑凤”。它的作用是固定垂脊下端第一块瓦件。在未形成“仙人骑凤”这一造型之前,是用一个大长钉来固定的。

古建大都为土木结构,屋脊是由木材上覆盖瓦片构成的。檐角最前端的瓦片因处于最前沿的位置,要承受上端整条垂脊的瓦片向下的一个“推力”;同时,如毫无保护措施也易被大风吹落。因此,人们用瓦钉来固定住檐角最前端的瓦片,在对钉帽的美化过程中逐渐形成了各种动物形象,在实用功能之外进一步被赋予了装饰和标示等级的作用。

唐宋时,还只有一枚兽头,以后逐渐增加了数目不等的蹲兽,到了清代形成了今天常见的“仙人骑凤”领头的小动物队列形态。

龇牙咧嘴灭火消灾

  体现“龙文化”崇拜

天津市国土资源和房屋职业学院客座教授、天津风貌建筑专家金彭育介绍说,屋檐上的“兽形”装饰有着不凡的出身,其中最出名的就是“螭吻”。龙有九子,各不相同,赑屃身似龙,雅好斯文。螭吻又名鸱尾或鸱吻,口润嗓粗而好吞,遂成殿脊两端的吞脊兽,取其灭火消灾。蒲牢,受击就大声吼叫,充作洪钟提梁的兽纽,助其鸣声远扬。金彭育介绍说,鼓楼的大钟上就有一个蒲牢造型作为钟纽。狴犴形似虎好讼,狱门或官衙正堂两侧有其像。饕餮形似狼,好饮食,钟鼎彝器上多雕刻其头部形状作为装饰。囚牛是龙生九子中的老大,平生爱好音乐,它常常蹲在琴头上欣赏弹拨弦拉的音乐。睚眦平生好斗喜杀,刀环、刀柄、龙吞口便是它的形象。狻猊形似狮子,排行第五,平生喜静不喜动,好坐,又喜欢烟火,因此做了佛座上和香炉上的脚部装饰。椒图形似螺蚌,好闭口,因而人们常将其形象雕在大门的铺首上,或刻画在门板上。当然,关于龙生九子也有不同的说法,但是不难看出,能够“灭火消灾”的螭吻自然成为建筑上最好的标识。

上一页2/3下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160228/21623201_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/27 07:03:27

Powered by China
China