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“骑凤仙人”丢失引关注 “房檐儿”凝聚耐心

2016-02-28 11:35:21   每日新报

近日,颐和园一古建筑上的“骑凤仙人”丢失,引发关注。不久,有网友爆料称,乾清宫东南角上檐的“骑凤仙人”也出现了缺失。对此,故宫回应称,对于缺失的各类琉璃构件进行统一登记并纳入修缮计划,在下一步的工作中一并进行定制、补配,以恢复景观的完整性。古建筑是传承传统文化的重要载体,关于古建筑的修复与使用一直以来也备受公众关注。天津的天后宫、玉皇阁、广东会馆等,都是极富特色的古建,它们也有不少“房檐儿”上的故事,在这背后,也凝结了文物保护者们的耐心与勇气。

天津古建富有特色 寺庙建筑保护较早

就全国范围来说,天津的明清建筑在数量上并不突出,但是十分有特色。天津文物管理中心研究员、天津文物保护和古建筑专家魏克晶介绍说:“天津的古建多分布在老城里附近,人们比较熟悉的就是北有估衣街,东有古文化街。”天津的城市发展布局是百姓“沿河而居”,从金代建立直沽寨之后,各种民居、寺庙建筑开始增多。天后宫是中国现存最重要的供奉妈祖的寺庙,如今已经建设成为民俗活动中心。魏克晶回忆,上个世纪80年代,来自南方的学者看到天后宫之后都十分激动,认为这是可以与福建妈祖庙、台湾朝天宫齐名的妈祖寺庙,如今天后宫的地位已经被公认。魏克晶认为,明代的建筑能够如此好地保留,这是很不容易的。庑殿顶、抱厦、凤尾殿都保存完整。

天津的文物保护工作开展较早。据魏克晶回忆,早在1954年,天津文化局就成立了“文物组”,除了文物保护工作,还参与当时海关的“验关”工作。同年,天津就公布了4个文物保护单位。除了天后宫,还有天津清真大寺、文庙和广东会馆。到了1959年,考古队成立,而魏克晶就是其中第一批考古队员。到了20世纪80年代,考古队的工作日益繁重,就分成了“地上”和“地下”两个部分,“地上”负责建筑的保护,而“地下”部分则是一些古迹的发掘,魏克晶就继续钻研古建筑保护的工作。

虽然在当时没有列入第一批市级文物保护单位,但是玉皇阁也是重要的古建筑。魏克晶说,玉皇阁是现存最古老的木结构阁楼。他还记得当时参加修复工作的时候,发现大梁上有“千秋带”,一个个小木牌上记录了从建造到翻修的种种大事记,其中就记载了修建时期是在明宣德年间,这与县志记载的明万历年始建是有出入的。

文庙“黄顶”玉皇阁“裁边” 神奇“兽首”修旧如旧

除此之外,天津的文庙也十分有特色。魏克晶总结文庙的特色是“府县并存”“庙学合一”,天津文庙是唯一将“府庙”和“县庙”合并在一起的文庙,这是由历史上天津地位的变更造就的。而两庙的制式基本相同,从牌坊、照壁、院子到棂星门等顺序都保持一致。而地位的不同就显示在“顶子”上,府庙使用了黄色,但县庙就只能用普通的灰瓦。

颜色代表等级,这在古代建筑上有着明确的体现。无论是瓦片还是房檐的装饰鸟兽,在材质上都有这样的限制。魏克晶介绍说,只有皇宫和文庙可以用黄色。他以天津文庙与玉皇阁为例解释,文庙用的是黄色,而玉皇阁就不能使用,但作为道教供奉“玉皇大帝”的宫殿,也保留了部分黄色,所以在瓦片上使用了“裁边”做法,就是将“心”涂成明黄色,而“边”则用了绿色,同时也用了绿色的鸟兽装饰。

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