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纪念哈珀·李:曾50多年不出镜,不随意发表文字

2016-02-24 09:36:55   北京青年报

哈珀和父亲一样在种族问题上持自由主义观点,但是这一观点在当时非常不受欢迎,并且她的许多家人也都不喜欢她在书中所倡导的反种族歧视观念,这使得她常常面临一种被孤立的状态。

其实让童年哈珀更感到恐惧和不安的是她的母亲弗朗西丝·芬奇·李。弗朗西丝曾患过抑郁症,精神状态一直不好,体重超重、情感脆弱。据邻居们回忆,弗朗西丝很少与人打交道,常常一个人一连好几个小时弹钢琴,摆弄花箱,经常坐在前廊上玩填字游戏玩得入迷。由于精神问题,弗朗西丝还曾两次试图把哈珀淹死在浴缸里,给小小年纪的哈珀带来了很深的心理阴影。

从小熟识哈珀·李及其家人的邻居乔治·托马斯·琼斯曾说:“虽说我不是心理学家,但是我敢说书里到处都有妮尔(朋友和家人对哈珀的昵称)本人的影子……妮尔小时候就缺乏安全感,整个人总是处于戒备状态,写了书之后情况也没有改善。”

可能正是由于严重缺乏安全感,小时候的哈珀总将自己打扮得像个淘气的假小子,喜欢和周围的男孩打架,要是哪个小孩子惹到她了,她就直接动手。哈珀将自己叛逆的形象写进了小说,化身为性情直率、敢想敢做、说话一针见血的律师女儿斯科特。不过作为邻居,琼斯并不认为后来的哈珀·李是孤独的,“这不过是她自己选择的生活。她本可以活得更好一些,但是或许因为一生都缺乏来自家庭的关爱,所以她觉得这样与世隔绝的生活更令她有安全感。“

与杜鲁门·卡波特的友谊始终喜忧参半

除了父亲,对哈珀·李写作影响较大的还有另外一个人——她儿时的玩伴,后来的作家杜鲁门·卡波特。小时候的哈珀·李常常跟男孩打成一片,这其中就有卡波特。那时候的卡波特也是个爱恶作剧的捣蛋鬼,两人一拍即合。

他们二人都喜欢侦探类的小说,如《福尔摩斯探案集》、《月球车男孩》等,常常一起在树屋读推理小说,聊天,用哈珀父亲的打字机写故事,一个人说,一个人写,自娱自乐,以打发漫长的下午。

虽然兴趣相投,但当时两个人的性格、外貌打扮却截然相反。哈珀伶牙俐齿、盛气凌人,是个经常穿着背带裤,光着脚丫到处跑的假小子;而卡波特则穿着十分讲究,嗓音轻柔。由于卡波特在同龄人中显得比较弱小,常受到学校恶霸的欺负,年龄更小的哈珀就会用拳头保护他。长时间相交织的生活带给两人的创作生涯的影响都很大。年轻时的哈珀一直梦想成为父亲那样的律师,是卡波特一直鼓励哈珀从事写作,直到她写出了《杀死一只知更鸟》,并一举成名。

可以说,哈珀在她两部著作的人物塑造中都借用了她与卡波特之间的友情。在《杀死一只知更鸟》表现为斯科特和迪尔的友情,而在其最新出版的小说《设立守望者》中也沿用了这种关系。而卡波特在他的首部小说《别的声音,别的房间》中,也借用哈珀的形象,塑造了假小子伊达贝尔·汤姆金斯。后来在卡波特创作真实犯罪小说《冷血》时,两人也有密切合作,哈珀帮他做研究,打印了150多页的笔记。

但是同为作家,由于竞争关系,他们之间的友谊始终喜忧参半。《杀死一只知更鸟》获得巨大成功并赢得普利策奖后,卡波特的心情颇为复杂。昔日的同窗好友,一举跻身文坛大家行列,而自己却还默默无闻。1966年卡波特凭借《冷血》一书也逐渐有了名气,但他只在致谢中简短表达了对哈珀·李的感谢,而弱化了她在小说创作过程中的作用。

后来,哈珀出于种种原因选择了离群索居的生活,而卡波特在人生末尾也由于过量饮酒和吸毒,疏远了包括哈珀在内的许多朋友,并最终于59岁患肝病去世。

两人的特立独行是相似的。正如卡波特在一次采访中回忆所说,他们两个经常觉得自己“与众不同”。而哈珀也认为她与卡波特被一种“共通的痛苦”连结在一起,尤其在童年时期,大部分时间都活在想像中。

哈珀·李的一生是令人好奇的,甚至是不为人理解的。但是正如她的那句名言:“如果你能学会一种简单的本事,你就能跟各式各样的人都很好地相处了。但是你要真正了解一个人,你非得站在他的立场考虑问题才行,非得设身处地来想才行。”

  50多年前,她毅然以自由主义的思想包容了不同种族的隔阂,50多年后的今天,也让我们以同样的包容心态看待她的遁隐与离世吧。

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