文化 > HOT
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China

钓鱼最早并非消闲 唐代出现装有绕线轮的钓竿

2016-02-24 08:36:50   大河报

钓鱼最早并非消闲

钓鱼这项活动起源很早,或许从鱼进入人类食谱就开始了,远古时钓鱼绝非为了消闲,糊口当为一等大事,农耕之前渔猎一直是谋食的主要手段。中国社科院考古研究所二里头工作队副队长赵海涛先生说,很早的时候就注意到二里头遗址中有鱼钩的出土,“至少从新石器时代就有了”。

最早的鱼钩为骨质,在各地新石器遗址中都有出土。考古人员发现,这些鱼钩为兽骨或禽骨劈磨而成,都是直钩或微弯钩,两端很锋利,中间稍粗,磨出了系绳的沟槽,这种鱼钩,也被叫做鱼卡。不难想象,彼时钓鱼就是用绳子绑着这种直钩,抛入水中等鱼咬到死口儿,效率实难与今天相比,横钩卡在鱼嘴里并不牢固,如果收绳的时候稍有不慎,鱼就会脱钩,逃之夭夭。

到了新石器晚期,距今约5000年的仰韶文化时期,出现了弯钩,一部分鱼钩的末端甚至出现了倒刺,上钩的鱼就再难跑掉。郑州大河村遗址博物馆展厅内,就存有几枚距今3000~5000年的带刺骨鱼钩,虽然与今天的鱼钩还有差别,但相比无刺钩,效率无疑已经大大提升。

有意思的是,今天很多钓友倒不乐意用带刺钩,因为钓上鱼后取钩麻烦,操作不当还会伤到手指。今人作钓图的是乐,而彼时图的就是鱼,目的不同,也导致工具出现了变化。

骨质的鱼钩毕竟不够结实,遇到“大物”,怕是会钩毁线断。在人类掌握冶铸青铜的技术后,很快出现了一批青铜鱼钩,我在多家博物馆的展柜中都见过,此时的鱼钩与今天在形制上已无差别。感叹先人冶炼技术之精的同时,也有个小小疑问,青铜技术在当时可算得上是高精尖,用在钓鱼这种事情上是不是有些铺张?

其实并非如此,在洛阳二里头和东干沟等遗址,考古人员发现了很多陶范残片、坩埚残片和铜渣,说明当时已有铸铜技术,但出土的铜器种类很少,并且主要就是小件工具,比如小刀、锥、凿、钻和鱼钩。大的青铜礼器的铸造,或许还要等待技术实力进一步积累,此时,铸铜工匠工作的重心就是模仿原有的石、骨、蚌或陶器而制作青铜小件,鱼钩作为一种重要的生产工具,自然不能缺席。况且,即使是在骨质鱼钩时代,很多鱼钩并非在河底或湖底被发现,而是住宅或墓葬中所出,并且保存得非常好,考古人员推测,可能一部分富裕阶层的钓鱼活动已经并非生产,而是娱乐了。奴隶主为娱乐而钓,青铜钩自然也是用得起的。

唐朝人用上了“海竿”

说起海竿,钓友无人不晓,其为国外传入,虽身材短小,但依靠强大的线轮和抛钩技巧,可以把饵料抛出五十米以上,专搏深水里的大鱼。但很多钓友不知,其实唐朝中国人就已经用上了“海竿”。

说到钓竿,古人多用竹子制作。《诗经·卫风》中说,“籊籊(tì)竹竿,以钓于淇”,豫北淇河两岸,以竹竿作钓者想必不在少数。竹子质轻,挺直修长,富有弹性,自然是最理想的天然钓竿。迟至上世纪90年代,竹竿还是普通老百姓作钓的“主力”。不过古今不同的是,汉朝之前的钓竿比较短,例证是战国时期铜器上刻的钓竿都不长,而到了汉代,有很多画像石中的鱼竿明显长了不少,按图中的比例估计有四五米,正是如今鱼竿最多见的长度。

此时鱼竿的竿身也出现了雕饰花纹,东汉长居洛阳的大文豪班固在《西都赋》中写过“揄文竿,出比目”。文是纹饰,比目是比目鱼,班固描绘当时皇室贵族娱游作乐,用的鱼竿相当华丽,不仅讲究性能,而且相当美观,也进一步证实此情此景下钓鱼的娱乐性。有意思的是,众所周知比目鱼多为海鱼,西汉皇室玩海钓,没搞错吧?其实此文竭尽铺排之能事,不过是说后宫之奢侈淫靡,行文夸张了些,不说距离遥远,海钓风吹日晒的还危险,贵族们哪能吃得了这个苦。

学者们研究发现,到了唐代,钓具有了进一步发展,甚至出现了装有绕线轮的钓竿,也叫轮竿,正与今天的海竿相仿。宋、明时期的山水画,比如《寒江独钓图》《渔舟读书图》《子陵钓图》等都出现了轮竿的影子,令人称奇。

唐代诗人陆龟蒙在《渔具诗》里写道:“得乐湖海志,不厌华舟小。月中抛一声,惊起滩上鸟。心将潭底测,手把波之袅。何处觅奔车,平波今渺渺。”此诗极具画面感,不难想象唐人月夜行船使用轮竿抛钩的情景,陆龟蒙写的就是他自己,因为这位哥号江湖散人,闲暇之时茶具、钓具几不离身。这种轮竿在古代风行了很久,明代有位学问家叫屠隆,还在《考槃余事》中写过“江上以蓑钓为乐事,钓用轮竿,竹用紫竹,轮不欲大,竿不宜长,但丝长则可钓也”,而清代绘画中轮竿已经很少见,到了近代,反被国外传入的海竿一统江湖。 □记者游晓鹏文图

上一页2/2下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170621/20160224/21590528_2.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/03/05 13:29:33

Powered by China
China