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钓鱼最早并非消闲 唐代出现装有绕线轮的钓竿

2016-02-24 08:36:50   大河报

宋代马远的《寒江独钓图》。图中钓者已用上了类似今天海竿的轮竿。资料图片

引子

猴年正月初二,郑州气温陡然升到近20摄氏度,钓友老赵按捺不住,把上年深秋封存的渔具拿出来检查,“这天儿,兴许能上鱼了”。钓鱼是个季节性活动,俗语说“九月九,鱼封口”,从重阳节往后鱼便极难上钩,特别是霜降以后,蜷在水底横七竖八如死了一般,食儿到了嘴边也不咬,直到第二年初夏情况才会好转。此正是钓友所谓“钓季冬歇期”。

但在科技发达的如今,钓季渐渐模糊,冬天并非全无钓客,老赵最终在正月初十出击一家较早开业的“黑坑”(钓友对计时收费鱼塘的称呼)。我曾亲睹冬日水底鱼儿的濒死模样,问老赵怕不怕“空军(钓友所谓一无所获)”,老赵笑言,好歹也钓过五六年鱼,自忖了解鱼性,加上新买了一套趁手的进口短竿和浮漂,小钩细线,配上冷天鱼儿爱吃的红虫和进口诱鱼小药,不信鱼不上钩,“鲤鱼不开口,鲫鱼还能不开口”?

“当然,最关键的是‘毒瘾’来了挡不住。”老赵嘿嘿一笑。“毒瘾”是钓鱼人的自嘲,极言作钓之瘾难挨。也真应了他的自信,碰上当天晴好温度高,不过半日,老赵在微信朋友圈里捷报连连,收获近十斤鲫鱼。

诚然,钓鱼在今天,无论钓具还是钓技都非常先进,街面渔具店林立,郊区“黑坑”连塘,人满为患,鱼竿按软硬、长短、作钓方式就有几十种,各种饵料、诱鱼的小药更是有成百上千样,俨然已是体量巨大的休闲产业。由此遐想,岁月悠悠,传给今人这门游艺的古人装备如何,又是如何挨过漫长“冬歇期”的?

手头集了不少古代体育史专著,心知古人钓具和钓鱼的智慧不简单,冬日也并不寂寞,柳宗元不是有诗云“孤舟蓑笠翁,独钓寒江雪”吗?孤舟独钓也是钓。不过翻查考古资料并请教专家,古人钓鱼的技巧和智慧依旧让人意外,特别是中原一带,早早就有大学问家热心总结钓具、钓技,拿钓鱼言志,一如今天各种钓鱼论坛里分享心得的老钓友。

宋代钓鱼爱好者、定居洛阳洛河之畔的著名学者邵雍,便写有钓鱼史上名篇《渔樵问答》一文:“樵者问渔者曰:子以何道而得鱼?曰:吾以六物具而得鱼。樵者请问其方。渔者曰:六物者,竿也,纶也,浮也,沉也,钩也,饵也。一不具而鱼不可得。”

此文着实让当今钓友震撼。所谓纶,就是丝线;沉,类似铅坠儿。至今天,基础钓具也不过竿、线、浮漂、铅坠、鱼钩、饵料这六般,邵老先生的文字说明,至少1000年前的钓具已经和今天大致相仿,且时人对手竿、钓具、钓技有了经验性总结,所谓缺一样就上不了鱼。

在洛阳,记者曾专程去拜访邵先生在洛河南岸住过的“安乐窝”——没错,彼处就叫这个名字,邵先生亲起,并自号安乐先生,与如今钓鱼人的心态煞是契合。故居之内,并无有关钓鱼的任何东西,邵先生游历天下后在此教授为生,宋仁宗与宋神宗时期两度被举均称疾不赴,而以学问品德著称,为时人所慕,钓鱼这种偏门自然难留痕迹。

似乎有些遗憾,但出其故居北门,抬眼就是一家渔具店的霓虹灯,老板说附近钓友甚多,正穿钩引线为顾客备置线组。时空交错,邵老虽无实物遗下,千年之后却有同好择邻而居,也是冥冥之中一件乐事。

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