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民国雅士张伯驹曾遭绑架 宁死不让妻子卖收藏

2016-01-12 09:14:36   北京晚报

绑匪只得通知张伯驹的夫人潘素来见他一面。潘夫人见到此时的张伯驹面容憔悴,形容枯槁,忍不住痛哭流涕。张伯驹连忙安慰妻子,反复叮嘱她:“我宁可自己死在这里,也决不允许你变卖我收藏的古代书画来给我赎身。”潘素只得连连点头。

后来绑匪与张伯驹僵持了整整八个月,绑匪见敲诈没有指望了,就又写了一封信给潘素。信中说,如果从即日起七日之内不拿出40万元赎身,就请做好收尸准备。潘素见信,知道绑匪急了。潘素找亲朋好友四处筹措,大伙也解囊相助,最后终于凑足了钱,将张伯驹赎了出来,他收藏的珍贵书画却一张未动。张伯驹置性命于不顾以求保藏文物珍品的故事一时传为佳话。

经此劫难,张伯驹决心离开上海。后来,他们一家取道南京、河南来到西安,潘素将年幼的女儿张传彩托付给西安的一位友人,而张伯驹和潘素则多次往返于北京和西安之间。他们正是为了将收藏的字画带到西安。为了不让人起疑,潘素将这些书画偷偷地缝在被子里,一路担惊受怕地带出北京。1943年至1945年的三年时间,张伯驹一直居住于西安。

日本投降后,张伯驹再次回到了北京。他收藏的这些珍宝让很多人获益匪浅。著名文物专家、文物鉴赏家王世襄(1914-2009)就曾多次鉴赏《平复帖》,并写下了《西晋陆机平复帖流传考略》,留下了宝贵的研究资料。

王世襄当时负责清理战时文物损失工作,由于对文物的爱好和工作上的需要拜见张伯驹,见面后他俩也很快就熟稔起来。1947年在故宫博物院任职时,王世襄很想在书画著录方面做一些工作,试图将书画作品的质地、尺寸、装裱、引首、题签等分栏详列,并记其保存情况,考其流传经过,以期得到一份比较完整的记录。为了研究《平复帖》,王世襄常去张伯驹家,张伯驹说:“你一次次到我家来看《平复帖》太麻烦了,不如拿回家去仔细地看。”

王世襄在《〈平复帖〉曾藏我家——怀念伯驹先生》一文中详细记述了看帖时的情景和心情:“到家之后,腾空了一只樟木小箱,放在床头,白棉布铺垫平整,再用高丽纸把已有锦袱的《平复帖》包好,放入箱中。每次不得已而出门,回来都要开锁启箱,看它安然无恙才放心。观看时要等天气晴朗,把桌子搬到贴近南窗,光线好而无日晒处,铺好白毡子和高丽纸,洗净手,戴上白手套,才静心屏息地打开手卷。桌旁另设一案,上放纸张,用铅笔作记录。《平复帖》在我家放了一个多月,才毕恭毕敬地捧还给伯驹先生。”

 4

  卖北京老宅购《游春图》

日本宣布投降后,溥仪带到东北的书画文物比较集中地在市场上出现,北京琉璃厂的古董商穆蟠忱、马霁川等人最早奔赴东北,以合股的方式收购到不少字画精品,其中就有隋朝画家展子虔的《游春图》。展子虔是北齐至隋间的大画家,《游春图》被认为是现存最早的山水画,画上并没有展子虔的签名,之所以被认为是展子虔的画作,是因为宋徽宗赵佶的题字。

对如此珍贵的书画,张伯驹认为应由故宫博物院收藏为宜,但当时故宫财务困难,院长马衡说:“故宫博物院经费困难,难以周转。”张伯驹则说:“院方经费困难,伯驹愿代为周转。”接着他开始并请墨宝斋的马保山从中周旋,希望购买《游春图》,最终,几经斡旋以二百两黄金(金条二十条)谈定。但二百两黄金对刚返回北平不久的张伯驹来说,已是力不从心。表面上家大业大,但十几年里,他手里的钱几乎都买了古书古画,万贯家财已经散尽。在购买《游春图》前,张伯驹刚刚收藏了范仲淹的《道服赞》,《道服赞》是范仲淹为友人所制道服撰写的赞文,也是范仲淹唯一传世手迹,张伯驹一见此帖便爱不释手。最终,张伯驹变卖部分家产又加以举债,以110两黄金从收藏家靳伯声处购得此帖。(《道服赞》与《游春图》一起刚刚从战后的东北流回北平)。

为了买下《游春图》,手头拮据的张伯驹决意卖掉自己位于东城弓弦胡同占地15亩的宅院。这宅院据传原为清朝大太监李莲英所有,是张伯驹最喜爱的居处。宅院最终卖给了辅仁大学,再加上卖掉夫人的首饰,张伯驹凑齐了二百两黄金。

据一些资料记载,《游春图》最后的成交价格为黄金一百七十两。这其中也有一些小故事。当年张伯驹凑得黄金后,按照约定的时间办理手续,但黄金鉴定师对金条进行成色鉴别时,发现金条成色太差,只有足金130多两,少了70两。最后,张伯驹答应补齐,并由马保山担保。至此,《游春图》才最终为张伯驹所购得。后经几次补交,待补足到170两黄金时,已经是1949年初。此时北平已和平解放,正是新、旧社会交替,余下的30多两黄金也就不了了之了。

当年,张伯驹卖掉弓弦胡同的宅院后,张伯驹一家人又搬到早年买下的位于西郊的承泽园。尽管买下《游春图》备尝艰辛,但他还是掩饰不住内心的欣慰和喜悦,很快就把自己的住所更名为“展春园”,他随自号“春游主人”。在展春园里,张伯驹每日里还给自己定了一门功课,就是把他所收藏的书画进行整理编目成书,定名为《丛碧书画录》。

 5

  珍藏字画悉数捐给故宫博物院

新中国成立后,张伯驹一生所藏文物精华,大多归于故宫博物院收藏。故宫博物院共计收藏有张伯驹《丛碧书画录》著录的古代书画22件,几乎件件堪称中国艺术史上的璀璨明珠。

1952年,张伯驹夫妇把展子虔的《游春图》、唐伯虎的《三美图》连同几幅清代山水画轴捐给了故宫博物院。1956年,张伯驹和夫人潘素商量后,将所藏的陆机《平复帖》卷、杜牧《张好好诗》卷、范仲淹《道服赞》、蔡襄自书诗册、黄庭坚《诸上座草书卷》等珍贵文物八件捐献给了故宫博物院。

在此前,张伯驹还通过统战部徐冰将李白仅存于世的《上阳台帖》转呈毛主席,毛主席收到此帖后,观赏数日,十分爱惜。1958年,转交故宫博物院珍藏。

1962年,张伯驹任吉林省博物馆副研究员、副馆长。在此期间,他也将多件字画捐献给吉林省博物馆收藏,其中最知名的则是 南宋杨婕妤的《百花图卷》。《百花图卷》是已知我国现存最早的一件女性画家的作品,该画卷乾隆时期收入清内府收藏,清朝灭亡后散失于民间。张伯驹曾这样表述:“我终生以书画为伴,到了晚年,身边就只有这么一件珍品,每天看看它,精神也会好些。”

当代山水画家、国画理论家关瑞之回忆:1980年夏,他陪同张伯驹、关松房、启功、魏龙骧等老人同游颐和园时,一位领导问关松房、张伯驹两位老人:当今很多名人都在考虑建博物馆、灌唱片将自己的艺术作品传世,你们是不是也有考虑?张伯驹回答:“我的东西都在故宫里,不用操心了”。张伯驹的回答也令在场的所有人肃然起敬。1982年2月26日,张伯驹病逝于北京。倾其私产保护国宝字画,一代名士张伯驹无私的风骨让人感慨万千。

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