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近200年间中美日关系如何演变?这篇文章说透了

2017-09-27 07:37:04   中国青年网

二战结束后不久爆发的冷战迅速将中美日关系的互动嵌入了冷战的轨道。而冷战期间,由于中美关系的变轨呈现出两个明显不同的分期。

1947年,随着美国总统杜鲁门在致国会的关于援助希腊和土耳其的咨文中提出以“遏制共产主义”作为国家政治意识形态和对外政策的指导思想,冷战正式开启。1949年,中国革命的胜利及其“一边倒”的政策促使美国的东亚政策作出重大调整,开始扶植被打败的日本。

而朝鲜战争上中美之间的直接对抗将美国在东亚地区的敌友关系最终确定下来,美国与日本签订了《旧金山和约》《美日安全条约》,遏制中国成为美国东亚政策的主要内容,而日本基本上紧随其后。美国的这项政策在东亚地区造成的不仅是冷战,而且爆发了局部热战。尤其是越南战争,使美国深陷泥潭,不仅实力大损,在与苏联的对峙中处于不利地位,而且还导致了国内分裂和“领导”世界的自信心受到沉重打击。而此期间,日本利用美国的扶植以及各种有利时机重新崛起,美日关系尤其是在经济领域出现了明显均衡化的趋势。

资料图片:1951年9月8日,美国与日本签订《美日安全条约》。

为了确保冷战主战场——欧洲的实力优势,从20世纪60年代末开始,美国计划从东亚地区后撤。为了平稳、体面地撤退,美国迫切需要改善与这一地区主要对手——中国的关系。而对中国来说,由于60年代初的中苏论战以及60年代末的中苏边境冲突,受到了来自北方沉重的军事压力。这些因素,使得中美两国相互成为对方尚未开发的最重要的外部战略资源。1972年两国关系实现了历史性突破。这引发了冷战时期国际关系一次最重大的重组。

资料图片:1972年,周恩来总理在人民大会堂举行宴会,欢迎美国总统尼克松。

在全球层面上,出现了“大三角”的国际格局,使得苏联在地缘战略上处于不利地位。在东亚地区,中美关系的改善导致日本迅速恢复了与中国的邦交,并在这一地区形成了中、美、日三国非正式的反苏同盟,这不仅大大改善了三国的国际环境,而且为三个国家之间加强联系、协调关系、共同发展提供了难得的机遇和空间。从1972年至1989年的18年间,是近代以来少有的中美、中日、美日关系都保持良好状态的时期。这种良好的状态不仅使三国获得了重大利益,而且为整个东亚的稳定和经济繁荣提供了重要背景。

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