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近200年间中美日关系如何演变?这篇文章说透了

2017-09-27 07:36:53   

《日本学刊》2017年第5期发表《美国与东亚关系的历史考察——兼论中美日三国互动及地区影响》(全文约2.1万字),作者为中国社会科学院美国研究所研究员、博士生导师倪峰。

倪峰在文章中指出,如果我们把美国与东亚关系的演变聚焦于国家,那么美国、中国和日本无疑是最关键的角色,而且随着历史的演变,三者的重要性、相互之间互动的广度和深度都呈现出逐层递进的态势。这是我们在考察美国与东亚关系演进的过程中尤其需要关注的现象。

一、中美日互动关系的初步确立(19世纪40年代-19世纪末)

西方列强利用坚船利炮将中日两国纳入现代国际关系体系,两国分别以并非平等的身份确立了与美国的关系,美国开始涉入东亚事务,但是这种涉入与英、法、俄相比并不处于显著位置。面对西方的入侵和强加自己身上的不平等条约,中日两国都开展了自强运动,在中日之间,实际上也展开了一场近代化竞赛。由于历史上中日之间存在着某种师生关系,天朝大国在鸦片战争中的失败给日本以强烈的刺激,使之在自强运动中采取了更彻底、更面向西方的政策。

资料图片:第一次鸦片战争结束后,中英签订《南京条约》。这是中国历史上第一个不平等条约。

二、美日围绕着在华利益的争夺(19世纪末-1945年)

1894年,日本在甲午战争中打败中国,确立了东亚强国的地位。1898年,美国通过美西战争占领菲律宾,更深地卷入东亚事务。中国成为美日两国擭取利益和瓜分的对象。美国主要采取的是“门户开放”的对华政策,而日本在列强中对中国抱有更大的野心。它企图独霸中国的一系列举动最终导致中日之间爆发了全面战争,并与美国在华利益上的矛盾逐步尖锐化,这成为太平洋战争的主要起因。在战争中,中美结成同盟,日本被彻底打败,而美国在这一地区的影响达到前所未有的高度,中国则自近代以来首次以大国身份出现在世界舞台上。

资料图片:1945年8月15日,日本天皇发布“终战诏书”。

三、冷战中的特殊博弈(20世纪40年代末-1989年)

二战结束后不久爆发的冷战迅速将中美日关系的互动嵌入了冷战的轨道。而冷战期间,由于中美关系的变轨呈现出两个明显不同的分期。

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