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茅台使出“史上最严”处罚手段 飞天茅台仍供不应求

2017-05-23 02:31:52   新京报

“价格管制”往往损害那些它想要帮助的人。在这个意义上来说,茅台酒真的不需要“人民的价格”,而是“市场的价格”。

据媒体22日报道,贵州茅台使出了史上最严厉的处罚手段后,飞天茅台仍然供不应求。在走访多家上海烟酒销售门店后,“断货”是商家给出的一致反馈。而北京、广东等地茅台资深爱好者表示,均被告知目前市场上很难买到53度飞天茅台。茅台官网上也买不到。

那么,茅台供不应求的背后究竟在发生着什么?

5月3日,茅台公司曾召开“近期茅台酒市场管理工作情况座谈会”,就价格管控达成共识,表示要重视亿万消费者的感受,把价格控制在老百姓能承受、喝得起的合理空间。而就在座谈会之前一个礼拜,茅台公司曾对全国总计82名违规经销商开出“罚单”。并于4月29日再发通告,除了对相关人员通报、处分外,甚至做出“终止并解除合同关系等严厉处罚”。

不过,被称之为史上价格管控最严,效果并不理想。市场上要么出现大面积断货,要么终端价格远超1300元,笔者日前在广州某知名大型商城购买的茅台价格是1760元/瓶。

为何茅台在限制最高售价时,又屡屡破最高限价?这引出一个有意思的话题:茅台酒究竟需不需要“人民的价格”?价格管控究竟能不能实现将茅台酒控制在“老百姓”能够承受、喝得起的“人民的价格”?

事实上,即便是在800元一瓶的时候,茅台酒从来都不是普通“老百姓”能喝得起的酒,所谓茅台酒的“人民的价格”从来都是一个伪命题。

茅台酒近两千元一瓶,一餐饭基本上起步2瓶或以上,已经是一种奢侈品,特别是严控公务消费后,“我为祖国喝茅台”等靡费公帑的行为被遏制后,茅台酒基本上与“人民”关系不大了。白酒市场是一个市场化程度极高的市场,即便在茅台酒2200元/瓶的时候,各种不同价格的酒仍能满足公众自由选择的需求。

实际上,茅台酒所谓的“人民的价格”更多是与公司自身利益相关,只不过是“以人民的名义”罢了,切不可当真。据报道,供不应求,成为贵州茅台股价的一剂威力奇大的催化剂。截至5月22日,贵州茅台股票收盘价441.78元,贵州茅台市值突破5500亿元,成全球烈酒第一。茅台“越限越涨”,颇与政府限房价卖地有异曲同工之妙。

当然,这也未必是茅台公司合意的结果。毕竟,茅台酒的价格大幅波动确实有损厂家、经销商、消费者的利益,但价格控制,包括最高限价和最低限价,从来都不是一个有效的工具。没有价格的变动,市场就会存在短缺和过剩。谁无视这一市场铁律,谁就将咎由自取。

控制最高限价,类似1300元零售价,而批发价已经到了1230元,剩余70元利润还要平衡店面、人工开支,其结果只能是短缺。同时,卖者在大量潜在购买者配给稀缺产品,必然会造成“黑市”,即高于最高限价。反之,价格下限则会造成过剩。

“人民的价格”往往会严重扭曲价格,进而扭曲市场对茅台酒的供需调节机制。以茅台酒为例,价格上涨后,一部分消费者会选择替代品或减少消费量,有利可图的经销商未必敢于在高价位上大量囤货,往往会增加供给,从而实现市场自我调节。反之,只会导致供需市场进一步失衡,还可能异化为“投资品”,不仅让“老百姓”喝不起,恐怕还喝不到茅台酒,不排除成为类似“郁金花泡沫”(“郁金香泡沫”是人类历史上第一次有记载的金融泡沫)。

因此,经济学家从来都认为,“价格管制”往往损害那些它想要帮助的人。在这个意义上来说,茅台酒真的不需要“人民的价格”,而是“市场的价格”。

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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