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神舟十一号飞船与天宫二号自动交会对接成功(组图)

2016-10-19 07:55:33   

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图集详解:

在一场太空万里大追踪后,两天前发射升空的神舟十一号飞船与已在轨飞行一个多月的天宫二号空间实验室,在10月19日凌晨成功实现交会对接。今天早上,航天员景海鹏和陈冬入驻天宫二号空间实验室,开始了为期30天的太空驻留生活。

神舟十一号载人飞船和天宫二号空间试验室均由中国航天科技集团公司五院抓总研制,搭乘由中国航天科技集团公司一院抓总研制的长征二号F运载火箭升空。神舟十一号和天宫二号上的对接机构,是我国航天器上最复杂的机电液一体化机构,由中国航天科技集团公司八院抓总研制。

19日凌晨,经过多次变轨,神舟十一号飞船成功寻找到天宫二号,并在自主导引控制下来到距离天宫二号5公里的地方。为了更好地完成交会对接,科研人员专门设置了4个停泊点——5公里、400米、120米和30米。

4次停泊后,“神十一”离“天宫”越来越近。捕获,缓冲,拉近,锁紧,中国太空罗曼史暂停3年之后,再次上演“太空之吻”这浪漫一幕——神舟十一号与天宫二号成功实现自动交会对接。随后,两个航天器连接形成组合体飞行。

据悉,此次天宫二号与神舟十一号交会对接在约393公里的轨道上进行,比以前交会对接的轨道高了50公里,与未来我国空间站运行的轨道高度基本相同。

交会对接实施期间,航天员景海鹏和陈冬在神舟十一号飞船返回舱值守。一旦自动交会对接出现问题,作为备份方案,他们将采用手控方式完成对接。

交会对接4步走

第一步:

神舟十一号入轨后,经历5次变轨,到达与天宫二号相同的393公里高的轨道。

第二步:

两名航天员先回到返回舱,并且把返回舱与轨道舱之间的舱门关严。此外,他们还要穿上舱内航天服,做好保障措施。

第三步:

当神舟十一号与天宫二号相距5公里时,飞船将进行4次停泊——分别为两者相距5公里、400米、120米和30米时。飞船将通过敏感仪和通讯设备,检查位置、距离姿态是否合适。

第四步:

在30米停靠站,神舟十一号的捕获锁会伸出,卡在天宫的卡板器里,这样飞船和天宫就建立了初步的连接。之后,捕获锁往回慢慢收缩,将飞船和天宫拉近,当对接环完全对上时,对接环里的12把钩锁将会紧紧钩定在一起,完成对接。

天宫二号与神舟十一号完成交会对接后,航天员打开天宫二号的舱门,顺利进入空间实验室。

2名航天员计划在天宫二号驻留30天,加上独立飞行的3天,总飞行时间增加到33天,是我国持续时间最长的一次载人飞行任务。本次任务的主要目的是对空间站运行轨道的交会对接和载人飞船返回、航天员太空中期驻留等进行验证,从而为未来空间站建设铺路。

航天员在轨飞行期间,将按照每周6天、每天8小时的工作制度,根据飞行手册、操作指南和地面指令进行工作和生活,按计划开展科学实验、技术试验和科普活动。天宫二号作为他们在太空中的家,也是最繁忙的空间实验室,各类空间实验和试验项目为历次载人航天任务之最。

30天后,航天员将乘坐神舟十一号飞船返回舱回到地面,天宫二号转入独立运行模式,等待明年天舟一号货运飞船的到来。

“太空之吻”三大看点

交会对接作为载人航天三大基本技术之一,是国际公认的技术难题。截至今天,我国已成功开展了7次空间交会对接,充分验证了自动和手控交会对接技术。与以前我国实施的交会对接相比,此次“太空之吻”有三大不同。

1轨道高50公里

天宫二号与神舟十一号交会对接在距离地面393公里的轨道上进行,这比我国之前交会对接的轨道高了50公里,与未来我国空间站运行的轨道高度基本相同。为此,飞控工作人员会对轨道控制策略和飞行程序进行相应调整,指令的发送时间和飞船返回轨道设计等都较以前有所不同。

2飞船采取“主动”

在以前的交会对接中,两个航天器距离约120米距离时,作为目标飞行器的“天宫”交会测量设备会主动发光,供神舟飞船测量成像。而在此次任务中,神舟飞船变被动为主动,由神舟十一号主动发光,天宫二号来“反射”,神舟十一号主动捕获天宫二号。

这种改变有两个好处:首先,天宫被动式反射光,对太阳光的干扰抑制能力更强,飞船获得的图像更清晰,更利于对接;其次,主动发光需要供电,对航天器寿命有一定影响,被动式反射的话就不存在这个问题,符合未来空间站对长寿命的要求。

不过,交会对接完成后,两个航天器形成组合体飞行时,天宫二号就成为这个“新组合”的主导者,掌握起所有控制权。

3“对接天眼”全面升级

由中国航天科技集团公司五院研制的“对接天眼”——光学成像敏感器(CRDS)实现全新升级——在太阳杂光抑制能力、识别目标敏感器上有了大幅提升,敏感器首次捕获时间也由原来的约十秒缩短至不到一秒,有助于更好地保障交会对接。


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