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张燕生:未来十年,哪些市场可能撑不住

2018-05-29 10:04:15   环球时报

原标题:张燕生:未来十年,哪些市场可能撑不住

近期美元不断走强,新兴市场国家货币受到剧烈冲击,阿根廷、土耳其、俄罗斯、巴西等国金融市场处于大幅震荡之中。

从这次货币急剧贬值的几个国家身上可以看出,这些国家的经济都对能源、资源出口有较高程度的依赖,一旦美元持续走强,大宗商品价格预期下跌,这些国家的经济就极易受到外部冲击。

过去的2017年,全球经济、货物贸易、投资、工业都处于稳定复苏过程中,处于过去十年间明显好转的时段。但是2018年以来,全球经济中不稳定和不确定性因素在明显上升。年初的达沃斯世界经济论坛上,90%以上的与会者都预计2018年大国之间在政策和经济上的冲突将会加剧,导致全球性的重大风险发生概率明显增加。

大国博弈加剧的背景之下,我们很容易产生一个问题。即什么样的经济体会最先最容易受到外部冲击,其结构表现得最为脆弱呢?毫无疑问是那些经济结构单一、对大宗商品价格走势依赖性较强的新兴市场国家。

很明显,目前全球不确性增加的主要来源是美国。美元进入加息周期,同时伴随着美联储缩表、财政大幅减税和美国国内加大基建投资,这都势必会引起资本涌入美国,导致美元未来更加强势。因此,国际资本的流动走向和贸易保护主义的冲击,以及美国国内所采取的宏观经济政策调整的外溢性,这些因素叠加在一起会使新兴市场国家极易遭受到打击,引发这些国家的货币危机、债务危机。

通过观察,我们也可以发现,上世纪二三十年代的全球经济大萧条,以及上世纪七八十年代的两次石油危机、日美贸易摩擦,与始自2008年国际金融危机的贸易保护主义、以邻为壑、单边主义相比较,它们共同的特点是危机发生的时点都处于全球化受阻阶段。

上世纪两次经济全球化受阻之后,后续政治经济动荡都延续了20年左右,而2008年金融危机到现在已历经10年。在贸易保护主义、民粹主义、单边主义抬头,大国政治经济冲突明显加剧的背景之下,它会引发全球汇率、利率、税率、货币和价格大幅不确定性波动,这种趋势如果再延续下去,一定会有一些经济体在这个过程中支撑不住,进而引发一系列新的反应和动荡。

在全球系统性风险显著大于机遇的风险敞口情况下,如何抵御外部风险,应付复杂而困难的国际形势,把自己的事情做好,对各国来讲都是最重要的问题。另外,如果美国为首的贸易保护主义行为最终导致贸易战,以邻为壑的宏观政策调整的外溢性缺少沟通和协调,持续时间过长,甚至也会波及像中国这样的经济大国。所以,要防范来自于国际的重大风险,避免外部冲击和国内经济结构长期积累的矛盾叠加,这不仅对中国这样的转型中大国是重要的,对世界上任何一个国家也一样是非常重要。

但在当前各行其是的乱局中,国际社会做不到有效协调。这就是为什么在1997年亚洲金融危机结束后,亚洲各国都希望通过清迈协议建立外汇储备库来应对本地区可能再次出现的货币危机场景,这也是为什么2008年危机结束后,发达国家要建立金融稳定制度框架。因为大家都发现,如果发生比较大的全球性系统性风险,大家全是受害者,都无能为力。现在是时候考虑建立和完善国际宏观经济政策协调机制,建立新的多边机制,有效制止以邻为壑和大国贸易保护主义了。

未来五到十年,全球经济都将处于一个极其不稳定不确定的状态中。对于守成大国来讲,它可以用所谓的公平贸易和对等开放的名义向外转嫁矛盾,它需要有人为其“再次伟大”继续拉10年的车,以便克服减税周期可能带来的种种障碍,其他发达国家则可以搭车,而广大新兴市场和发展中国家则往往会成为牺牲品。所以这个时候,不管是哪个新兴市场或者发展中国家经济出了问题,原因往往不仅仅是本国问题所致,而是因为全球系统性风险在明显上升。

在目前全球不稳定不确定性风险增加的形势下,新兴市场和发展中国家仅凭一己之力已无法完全化解国际重大风险的冲击,这些国家应该怎么应对,值得国际社会高度关注。在这种情况下,各国尤其是新兴市场和发展中国家迫切需要国际合作,共同抵御国际重大风险可能带来的外来冲击。(作者是中国国际经济交流中心首席研究员)

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