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修改“超生即开除”,立法审查迈出坚实一步

2017-10-25 16:43:31   新京报

原标题:修改“超生即开除”,立法审查迈出坚实一步

作者:沈彬

要防止公民的正当权利,被过时的沉睡法条所禁锢;更要防止中央的政策调整,被不合时宜的地方法规所羁绊。

据媒体报道,今年5月,4位劳动法专家向全国人大常委会法工委法规备案审查室寄送了一份审查建议,认为广东等七个省的地方立法中有关“超生即辞退”的规定违反法律。全国人大常委会法工委依照《立法法》第九十九条的规定,对审查建议提出的问题进行了研究。近日,全国人大常委会法工委分别向广东、云南、江西、海南、福建5个地方人大发函,建议修改“超生即开除”的规定。

在过去长期执行严格的一胎化政策的时候,“超生即被开除”成为很多地方立法的标配,也很少有人对其正当性提出质疑。而目前中国已经全面放开二孩,人口政策发生了重大的转向,并且已经进入了全面依法治国的新时代。

“超生即被开除”的旧规定,就应该放在人口政策调整、立法审查的大背景下做出再评价,以避免个别地方的法规政策“惯性太大”,没有及时调整,和中央宏观人口政策的调整不同步。

根据《人口与计划生育法》,超生违反的是公民对国家的义务,其承担法律责任的主要形式应该是缴纳社会抚养费。虽然该法第42条也规定:对于违反计生政策的国家工作人员,还应当依法给予行政处分;其他人员还应当由其所在单位或者组织给予纪律处分。但“纪律处分”是个宽泛概念,劳动纪律是劳动过程中的行为规则,劳动权则是公民基本权利,不能因违反计划生育规定而受到限制。

而且,《劳动法》和《劳动合同法》是调整劳动关系的基本性法律,用人单位可以单方解除劳动合同的情形,包括“被依法追究刑事责任的”等6种法定情况,属于封闭列举式规定,且只能由法律规定。

一些地方在地方立法过程中,将劳动者超生列为解除劳动合同的条件,突破了上位法的授权,形成了法律冲突。劳动者和用人单位之间是平等的民事关系,而超生是公民违反国家利益;民事主体不能够代表国家去惩罚公民。

也正是因为“超生即开除”突破上位法,不再适应目前的人口政策,全国人大常委会法工委依《立法法》提出了相关审查、处理决定。这也是中国立法审查的一次重要尝试。

应该注意到的是,最近中国的立法审查正在悄然进入快车道。就在几个月前,立法机关依法清除了饱受诟病的“以审计结果作为建设工程竣工结算依据”的地方立法。

党的十九大报告提出:“加强宪法实施和监督,推进合宪性审查工作”。包括立法审查在内的合宪性审查,有利于破解积弊已久的“部门立法”、“红头文件乱法”问题,实现依法治国的正本清源。

今年9月初在广西南宁召开的第二十三次全国地方立法研讨会上也传出消息,今后无论是行政法规、地方性法规、司法解释还是其他规范性文件,如果与中央精神不相符、与改革方向不一致以及明显滞后于发展变化了的现实情况,都有可能被纳入全国人大常委会的审查范围。

人口政策的调整,是关乎中华民族命运的大事件,也涉及亿万公民的切身利益。要防止公民的正当权利,被过时的沉睡法条所禁锢;更要防止中央的政策调整,被不合时宜的地方法规所羁绊。显然,立法机关及时清理“超生即开除”的过时法规,让中国的立法审查迈出了坚实的一步。

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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