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中国人55岁退休太早,浪费严重?

2016-11-15 14:48:58   人文经济学会公众号

原标题:袁志刚:中国人退休太早,人力资源浪费非常严重

作者:袁志刚(复旦大学经济学院原院长)

来源:公号“人文经济学会”

2000年前后,我从哈佛回来,带了一批学生做了一些分析。当时我们用到了宏观经济里最有名的迭代模型,它开创了一个全新的思考。所以要讨论好养老问题,必须要有非常好的宏观的、动态的模型。

我为什么要提动态模型呢?其实养老问题要解决的,最根本的是一个人口结构问题。比如说现在争论的,到底是现收现付制,还是混合。说到底,中国现在走的还是现收现付。现收现付方式很简单,我们的个人账户实际上是空账,现在青年上班族,根据工资的一定比例缴纳养老金,然后统统用于现在的退休人群。根据一定的替代率,关键的解决办法就是现在的就业结构和养老。

从世界角度来讲,一百多年前的养老保险体系,无论是比较早的德国,或者英国,他们都假定退休以后活十年,现在如果这样的话,所有现收现付的都破产了。因为大家知道,现在不是活十年的问题,中国女工50岁退休,每天在锻炼身体,目标就是活到90岁,就是40年的养老。最近我们学院有一个老教授提出,对老年重新定义,他觉得如果从65岁到75岁定义为青老年,75~85岁是中老年,85岁以上才是老老年。

我们都学过生命周期理论,人的一生当中前面有储蓄,后面负储蓄,退休以后是正储蓄,来平衡他的消费。但是像现在到了85岁以后人还活着,要人照顾,这个消费就上去了。西方现在提出一个概念,叫谁来付这个消费。

还有一个很大的问题,就是生育率在下降,欧洲妇女综合生育率大概在1.6左右,但是要维持一个人口规模,应该要2.1至2.2才可以。所以没有足够的年轻人,这是人类未来非常大的问题。但是我们中国跟世界不同的是70年代实施了计划生育政策,所以上海的生育率是非常低的。

但全国比较好一些,因为没有严格执行计划生育政策,作为经济学家我要讲,幸亏没有严格执行,如果严格执行我们今天会没有服务员,没有钟点工,会困难得一塌糊涂,劳工短缺会更严重。现在大家知道,单独已经来了。

基本人口问题解决了,我们再来谈模式。

模式无非就是现收现付和基金制,但是稍微分析一下,无论是现收现付还是基金制,老年人将来生活水平维持或者增长,它的源泉只有两个,一个是就业人口的增长和就业人口劳动生产率提高,物质基础就是这个东西。在这样的情况下,我觉得讨论现收现付制还是基金制意义不是太大。但对于基金来说,还是能解决一些短视的问题。

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