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斯特凡·塔尔蒙:若受侵害,中国可退出海洋法公约
多年以来,中国一直都是《联合国海洋法公约》的坚定支持者。可是最近,中国却体会到,《公约》、尤其是其中有关强制性争端解决的条款,可能会被其他国家出于政治目的而利用。尽管完全知晓领土主权和海洋边界争端并不在《公约》争端解决机制管辖范围之内,但菲律宾依然挑起一场“法律战争”,将与中国之间的南海领土争议提交给了按照《联合国海洋法公约》附件七设立的仲裁法庭,要求进行强制仲裁。
在上世纪70年代围绕《联合国海洋法公约》进行谈判的过程中,中国就对其中的争端解决条款提出关切,认为这些条款“并不适当”,不应被纳入公约。当时中国建议,应将这些条款单列成文,以便各国自行决定是否接受这种强制性的争端解决机制。经过妥协和折中,谈判最终达成的协议规定,某些争端将不被包括在《公约》的强制性争端解决机制框架内;对于其他争端,各签约国则可发表声明宣示不予接受。而后者中主要包括与海洋划界、历史性所有权、主权或有关陆地或海岛领土的其他权利、军事活动以及执法行为有关的争端。2006年8月25日,中国正是依据这一规定向联合国秘书长提交书面声明,表示不接受针对上述这些争端的任何国际司法或仲裁管辖。也就是说,对于与中国之间存在的海洋问题争端,将不再适用裁判制度,而直接由中国与相关国家通过协商解决。
但是根据联合国海洋法公约第288条第4款的规定,对于法院或法庭是否具有管辖权如果发生争端,这一问题应由该法院或法庭以裁定解决,而非由争端双方决定。这就为相关缔约国带来了很大风险和不确定性,尤其是在遇到坚持“司法能动主义”的仲裁法庭时。这方面的一个现实例子就是:2015年10月29日,应菲律宾单方面请求建立的南海仲裁案仲裁庭做出关于管辖权和可受理性问题的裁决,裁定该案继续开庭审理。尽管国际法中定义的争端要求相关方之间存在“真实对立”,但南海仲裁案仲裁庭实际上并不能确定这种对立真实与否,而是通过“推论”确立了争端的存在。而且如此一来,原本属于领土主权和海洋边界争端,也被该仲裁庭重新定义成了有关海洋地形地貌和海洋权益来源的争端。正如该仲裁庭指出的那样,中国还未在这些问题中阐明过详细立场。
如果南海仲裁案仲裁庭在可能于2016年下半年做出的裁决中,以侵害中国对南沙岛屿领土主权的方式判决这一被其“再定义”了的争端,那么中国不无考虑退出《联合国海洋法公约》的可能。根据《公约》第317条规定,缔约国可给联合国秘书长书面通知退出本公约,并可说明其理由,未说明理由应不影响退出的效力。退出应自接到通知之日起后一年生效。尽管不能以退出为理由解除其作为缔约国时已经产生的义务,但中国未来却可以不再受越南、印度尼西亚或马来西亚有关南海以及日本有关东海的类似诉求的约束。
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