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非持牌机构黯然退出 消费金融行业将告别野蛮生长

2017-10-13 08:42:53   

■ 深圳特区报记者 邹媛

今年以来,消费金融行业呈爆发式增长,已然成为新经济的一个增长点。这主要得益于居民消费升级及金融科技等因素助推。然而,在热得烫手的市场行情中,不少消费金融平台却因资金成本高企、监管趋严,开始悄悄缩减规模甚至退出市场。这一超乎寻常的举动,或许是消费金融行业告别野蛮生长的一个明示,其商业模式也将发生变化。

多个机构陆续退出市场

2010年,中国银监会批准成立了首批四家试点消费金融公司;2015年6月,消费金融公司试点扩大至全国。截至目前,持牌的消费金融机构大约22家。

几年来,全国消费金融行业持续火爆,无论是传统金融机构还是新的金融科技公司,都在跑马圈地。从数据可窥见一斑:Wind数据显示,2017年1至8月,居民新增消费性短期贷款达1.28万亿元,累计同比多增7833亿元。而2016年全年新增消费性短期贷款总额仅8305亿元,今年前8个月新增总额已达去年全年的1.54倍。

然而,在市场一片繁荣的表象中,许多消费金融企业却逐渐缩减业务,甚至退出市场。近日,消费金融平台“惠享分期”连续退出了云南、广西、四川、重庆、安徽等多个地区,引发业界关注。深圳市惠今惠信金融服务有限公司旗下的“惠今分期”,已全面关闭其北方市场。医美分期平台“星计划”则将退出华北市场。

“平台过多,业务同质化严重,资金成本日益高企是主因。”马上消费金融助理首席风控官杨明表示,自从今年以来,不管是政府还是监管机构,都释放一系列信号要加强消费金融行业的监管,一些非持牌机构面临的监管压力越来越大。此外,相对来说持牌机构具有资金优势,银行在授信时会将机构是否持牌作为评估的一个要素。

杨明告诉记者,除了成本高企外,部分非持牌机构还存在暴力催收、风控能力不足、收取“砍头息”等问题,包括监管的趋严,导致非持牌消费金融机构面临融资困难和发展难题,不少机构纷纷裁员或关店。

“监管趋严之下,行业将告别野蛮生长。”杨明认为,从市场需求角度看,消费金融公司远未达到充分竞争。不过,很多涉足者都将该行业想得太简单了,想象中的“稳定的低成本资金来源”、“完善的风控体系”等画面,实现起来都并不容易。

大数据不等于风控

近年来,消费金融大幅增长,离不开政策红利、居民收入增长、消费观念转变和金融科技发展的助推。但消费金融市场乱象依旧存在,过度授信、恶意欺诈等行为屡见不鲜。

“消费金融欺诈成本较低、金额较小,欺诈分子因此铤而走险。”杨明表示,消费金融行业兴起时间不长,前期发展中很多机构涉足该领域,特别是非持牌机构追求销量,或过于讲究客户体验,简化了申请流程,很多机构风控能力不足,难免成为欺诈分子的攻击对象。

融迅科技COO钱峥认为,从消费金融公司的业务形态来看,如何识别用户以及其关联的群体,用户是否带有欺诈的“黑产”等,这都是做风险策略以及风险定价的关键模型。“用户是否具备偿还能力、是否存在道德风险,从风控模型到反欺诈、催收等,大数据已经广泛应用在消费金融领域的各个环节。”

不过业内人士指出,中国的风控还处在莽荒状态,不少消费金融公司对风控的认识存在误区,把大数据或大数据模型等同于风控。杨明认为,风控不仅仅是大数据模型,而更应该是一个完整的闭环体系。大数据模型对于风控管理是非常重要的,但它只是其中的一环。风控体系包括很多层面,例如贷前、贷中、贷后全面的风控系统搭建,以及新产品上线的风险评估、渠道管理、反欺诈人工调查,还有操作风险管理、资产管理等,这些都是风控体系中非常重要的环节。

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