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债券收益率曲线或“熊陡”修复

2017-10-13 07:17:54   

2017年影响通胀预期的国内大宗商品价格和债券收益率之间始终保持着节奏上的同步,表明除却上半年的金融监管政策的冲击之外,债券收益率基本反映经济增长、通货膨胀和货币政策等因素的预期。9月份以来大宗商品价格持续下跌,南华工业品价格指数自9月份以来的下跌幅度达到11.92%,南华综合指数下跌幅度也达到9.84%,其中“绝代双焦”等部分品种跌幅更是接近30%。无论大宗商品价格下跌的原因是需求转弱还是库存增强,或都将意味着通胀预期的回落,并且从数据来看,宏观经济始终维持着“无通胀、无通缩”的温和价格水平,但是在这种背景下,债券收益率却并没有延续类似6月份的下行行情,反而在商品价格下跌的同时维持着上行局面:10年期国债收益率从9月初的3.6353%上行至3.6540%,5年期国债收益率从3.6181%上行至3.6462%。仅仅9月下旬出现过基于央行货币政策边际宽松的短暂交易性做多行情,也在央行“远期定向降准”政策落定后迅速归于沉寂。9月以来大宗商品价格下跌和债券收益率震荡上行之间的背离在2017年5月同样出现过一次,不过进入6月份后两者之间逐步弥合。

9月份大宗商品价格和债券收益率之间非同步调整与5月份相同的情况是,两者均出现了债券收益率曲线的扭曲。5月份债券收益率曲线从初始的倒挂演化至“双驼峰”的M型收益率曲线结构,并且长短期期限利差之间的倒挂持续了20天之久,在此之后收益率曲线经过了一段时间的陡峭化修复,再度于9月份出现了短暂倒挂的现象;9月份以来债券收益率曲线同样处于扭曲的状态,10年期和1年期收益率上行的同时,流动性状态稍差的7年期债券收益率反而出现了下降,唯一与5月份不同之处在于9月份债券收益率曲线从倒挂演化为“单驼峰”形状的期限结构。然而造成两次收益率曲线扭曲的原因则各有不同:5月份金融监管政策从紧预期升温是导致“双驼峰”的主因;9月份则是流动性紧张的隐忧持续存在,即便“远期定向降准”也难以缓解的流动性结构性矛盾引致。

9月份以来大宗商品价格和债券收益率之间非同步调整的弥合过程或与5月份不同:5月份大宗商品价格和债券收益率之间的背离最终在月度高频数据显示的主动补库存周期阶段性触顶回落、PPI等价格指数同步增速下行、央行货币政策并未“跟随”美联储加息而紧缩等周期性因素和冲击性因素缓解的综合作用之下以债券收益率的波段性下行而结束,也正是因为债券的这一轮下行,导致市场形成“利率或已经在5月份见顶”的一致性预期。而9月份以来债券收益率曲线结构的扭曲并非是政策因素等外生冲击,而是内嵌于债券市场中的流动性结构性矛盾,因此在流动性分层的情况下,即央行在宏观流动性总量稳定的情况下通过提高金融机构可得性资金的成本抑制其加杠杆的行为,形成了央行和商业银行之间、商业银行和非银金融机构之间流动性分层机制,以基础货币短缺为特征的流动性结构性紧张状态不能得到根本上的缓解,9月底债券收益率下行的交易性行情或将是短暂的昙花一现。在央行明确了2018年一季度开启“定向降准”的情况下,四季度央行再次宽松货币政策的可能性下降,流动性结构性矛盾将更加凸显,对于9月底押注货币政策宽松进而拉长久期的金融机构来说,流动性结构性矛盾的深化将导致融资成本中枢的显著抬升,其平仓压力或导致长期限债券收益率出现更高幅度的上行,因此在经历了9月份的“扭曲性平坦化”之后,债券收益率曲线或将“熊陡化”修复,而与此对应的则是商品价格摆脱9月份的低迷出现阶段性反弹,两者间的弥合将采取与5月份之后截然相反的方式出现:10月份债券收益率为“标杆”,商品价格向收益率抬升靠拢。

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