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深化铁路改革是攻坚战和持久战

2017-09-24 07:36:52   中国经济网

最近关于铁路深化改革的舆论成为热点,众说纷纭,各种观点鱼龙混杂,甚至有所谓的专家提出“拆分铁路网”,民间层面担忧铁路私有化等等。作为在铁路行业各主要层面从业超过20年,对铁路发展研究评点10多年的观察者,笔者认为,当前深化铁路改革,应该回答三个问题:一是为什么要深化改革?二是怎样深化改革?三是改革责任谁来担?

为什么要深化铁路改革?

在中央全面深化改革的总目标下,将国企改革目标确定为“做强做优做大国企”,这是讨论深化铁路改革的前提。学界和舆论界对推动铁路改革的动因,归纳起来主要有四方面:一是巨额负债;二是垄断经营;三是效率效益低;四是体制僵化。

第一,从负债方面看,截至2017年上半年,中国铁路总公司(以下简称“铁总”)负债4.77万亿元,负债率64.9%。

以此数据倒求,可得出铁总总资产约7.35万亿元。实际上,铁总总资产远远要高于此。“十一五”期间,铁路基本建设投资完成1.98万亿元,“十二五”期间完成投资3.5万亿元,2016年铁路投资8015亿元,2017年上半年完成投资3125亿元。仅上述投资总计就达6.59万亿元。据2013年5月25日《人民日报 海外版》报道数据显示,铁总当时总资产为20万亿。事实上,除铁路线路之外,铁总拥有的土地、场站、设备设施、技术等有形资产总额应远超20万亿元。如果市场化评估,铁总资产总额超过100万亿都可能。

为什么会出现如此大偏差,笔者认为,除不可获知的因素外,技术层面问题有两方面。

一是铁道部改制为铁总后,资产清查统计方式或存在严重问题,因为铁路长期以来采用历史成本法入账,从而导致发布的资产总额46631.59亿元的统计数据明显严重缩水。比如,50年前建成1000公里普速铁路,每公里造价是50万元,那么该资产被记为5亿元。50年后的现在,该资产累计扣除折旧,不仅未增长,而且不足50万元。但如今修建类似铁路,每公里造价8000万元,该铁路投资则为800亿元。这还不包括国家划拨的铁路沿线配套土地价值,而这块资产额在铁路则基本忽略不计,事实上是巨额资产。这就是铁总资产被严重低估的重要原因。

二是铁总经营中,对自身资产掌握不清,统计不准。据笔者所知,一些所属企业的合资公司(铁路相对控股)、参股公司等资产并未并入铁总,也未统计到地方政府,导致铁总资产未能全面统计汇总。

据国资委在国新办新闻发布信息,2017年3月末,中央企业负债率66.5%,整体债务风险可控。那么铁总64.9%的负债率,也是可控的。如果以铁总20万亿资产保守计算,截至2017年6月底,铁总资产实际负债率23.9%,更应该是可控的。

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