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关注猪肉价格新一轮上涨周期

2017-09-23 06:57:07   中国经济网

■黄志龙

最近一年的数据表明,中国经济PPI高位上涨并没有助推CPI的回升,原因当然有许多方面,其中之一无疑是猪肉价格持续下行导致食品价格涨幅低迷。而本轮猪肉价格波动与历史规律却有明显不同,其背后的原因是什么?未来的猪肉价格是涨是跌?这些问题都值得深入分析与探讨。

不一样的猪周期:

生猪存栏量和猪价的背离

我国猪肉价格波动有大周期和季节性小周期之分。在大周期影响下,生猪养殖户根据猪肉价格信号和未来预期决定存栏量,大量的散户养殖由于信息不对称和“羊群效应”,加上养殖决策到出栏存在一定时滞,猪价和存栏量始终出现周期性波动。

以2010年-2014年传统“猪周期”为例:2008年后,猪价经历了两年左右的下跌,养殖户去产能导致生猪存栏量于2010年5月处于历史低位,猪价在2010年7月开始企稳回升。

事实上,任何价格的波动,都是供求关系的结果,猪价波动也不例外。2016年5月份以来,生猪存栏量屡创新低,按照历史规律,猪肉价格应该继续攀高,然而,实际的情况则是,猪价掉头向下持续走低,并创下近年来新低

出现这种背离现象可作如下解释:前文所述的生猪存栏量与猪价波动的相关性,实际上中间还有一个环节,即生猪存栏量直接决定了猪肉的产量。在猪肉需求始终相对平稳的大环境下,猪价的波动实际上由国内猪肉的产量和猪肉的进口量共同决定。

今年上半年,全国猪肉进口量为66.2万吨,国内产量为2493万吨,进口量占猪肉供应量比重为2.6%。可见,猪肉价格主要由国内生猪产量主导。事实上,猪肉的价格与猪肉的产量始终存在明显的负相关关系。特别是去年下半年以来,在生猪存栏量屡创新低情况下,猪肉产量增速持续回升,今年上半年甚至实现了0.8%的正增长。

由此可见,生猪存栏量作为猪价预警指标的失效,根源在于生猪存栏量与猪肉产量的变化出现了背离。自2011年以来,我国生猪存栏量与猪肉产量持续下降,走出了同步的趋势,但是2017年以来,生猪存栏量继续下行,但猪肉产量增速却逆势上涨。

猪价波动异常的原因何在?

造成当前猪肉价格波动异常的原因有两方面:首先是生猪养殖的效率大幅提升。根据《全国生猪生产发展规划(2016-2020年)》确定的目标,年出栏500头以上规模养殖户生猪出栏量占比已从2010年38%上升到2014年42%,2020年将加速上升到52%。

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