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新闻分析:美加紧打造新一代两栖舰队

2017-09-21 20:02:02   新华网

新华社北京9月21日电 新闻分析:美加紧打造新一代两栖舰队

新华社记者赵嫣 刘莉莉

美国海军“美国”级两栖攻击舰的2号舰正式命名为“的黎波里”号,并于16日在密西西比州帕斯卡古拉举行了下水命名仪式,美军新一代两栖攻击舰家族再添新成员。分析人士认为,美军正在着力打造新一代两栖舰队,加强美军未来实施两栖作战和海上基地作战的能力,继续巩固美国海军强国地位。

“美国”级两栖攻击舰可以搭载各种飞行器超过40架,包括F-35垂直起降战斗机,这一机型取代AV-8B“海鹞”战斗机,将主要承担攻击机角色,这将让“美国”级两栖攻击舰得到接近航母的航空作战能力。此外,5万吨的排水量也使“美国”号和“的黎波里”号拥有足够空间搭载更多物资,成为真正的“海上基地”。

美国海军提出的海上基地作战概念,是指从海上快速部署、组建、指挥、投送、重建和重新运用联合战斗力,在联合作战区内不依靠陆上基地为装备精良的联合远征部队提供持续支援、物资供应和兵力保护。

美国维恩·克拉克上将在《21世纪海上力量》一书中谈到,美国将“海基能力、海上打击、海上盾牌和部队网”作为其未来海上能力建设的重点,海基能力(海上基地)就是其中之一。

资深军事评论员张浩认为,“美国”级两栖攻击舰是美国海军实施海上基地作战概念的基础平台之一,更是主要平台。“美国”级两栖攻击舰将作为一个前沿基地,长期巡航在被干涉国的附近海域,后方到达的补给和兵力将会在两栖攻击舰上完成编制和休整,并投送到陆地上的目标附近,而在陆地作战的部队,也将会在完成任务后撤到两栖攻击舰上进行休整和重新编制,或者再由此后撤到美国设立在战区的陆上基地。这也就是“海上发起、撤回海上”的两栖作战流程。

尽管“美国”号和“的黎波里”号已经具备很强的战斗力,但仍距美国海军需求甚远。目前,美国已经开始建造“美国”级舰的改进型舰首舰,改进型舰的变化主要是增加一个坞舱,更加强调均衡装载能力而非单纯强调空中突击能力。改进型舰将会和2艘首批次原型舰构成新的陆战队海上打击群。

美军在发展新一代两栖攻击舰的同时,提出了两栖机动战的新作战思想。根据这一思想指导,实施首次突击的登陆部队避开敌岸上主要火力的有效射程,从敌视距范围之外,运用各种快速上陆输送工具,首先由空中和水面把突击兵力输送至敌人海岸防御阵地的侧后方,向敌发起突然攻击,同时后续作战力量由水面迅速向敌岸机动,与首次突击兵力协同行动,及时扩大战果,夺取登陆海滩和登陆场,迅速达成两栖作战目的。这就是“美国”级两栖攻击舰未来承担的主要作战任务。

张浩认为,美国发展新一代两栖攻击舰的本质目的还在于确保美军具备武装干涉其他国家和地区的能力。在美国看来,由于国际环境的变化,美军要实现海外武装干涉,在外交、地区和军事方面都面临越来越大的挑战,这使得美军的力量投送能力建设越来越重要。所以美国必须发展新的方式来应对世界的快速发展,有效利用美国现有优势获取海洋、天空、太空和网络空间的行动自由,确保随时进入他国港口、机场、空域和濒海水域的能力,并获得其他当事国的支援,这将是美国当前面临的重大挑战。在和平时期,美军需要与潜在冲突地区的国家积极进行接触。在战争时期,美军需要具备强力介入的能力。这些正是新一代两栖攻击舰的强项。

根据美国海军的设想,“美国”级两栖攻击舰的前两艘,也就是“美国”号和“的黎波里”号可能会部署在亚太地区。根据美国海军最新的作战思想——全球公域机动和介入联合作战概念,美国海军将会依靠“美国”级两栖攻击舰强化在太平洋地区的军事存在,并可能对地区局势产生更加重大影响。

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