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孙国峰:金融科技稳健运行需强监管

2017-09-20 08:47:26   中国经济网

■本报记者 王舒雅

【农村金融时报】

日前,中国人民银行金融研究所所长孙国峰就我国金融科技风险、国际金融科技监管经验、监管科技等问题表示,随着大数据、云计算、人工智能、区块链等创新技术的蓬勃发展,金融与科技加速融合,在为人们带来便利的同时,也加速了风险外溢,因此需要构建强大的监管体系,以确保金融科技稳健运行。

金融与科技的结合有效提升了金融服务的可获得性和便捷性,降低了金融交易成本,但其在大数据运用、信息安全、金融消费者权益保护等方面还存在风险隐患,不断挑战着现行监管制度。

“大数据运用是金融科技的重要组成部分,但在采集、转移、使用过程中有可能产生风险,从而影响整个金融体系。在信息安全方面,过去的很多金融风险都局限在某一地域,而在现今的金融科技网络和互联网技术的“发酵”下,风险可能影响的个体范围更广,传染速度也更快。

在金融消费者保护方面,数据在通过互联网平台向金融领域传递的过程中有可能损害消费者对于大数据的知情权、隐私权、选择权。比如,从电商交易平台、社交网络等渠道获得的数据转移到金融领域之后,有可能用于分析个人信用状况,从而影响到个人借贷的行为。然而消费者并没有授权这些平台对其个人信用状况进行分析。”孙国峰说。

金融科技强风险呼唤着强监管的到来。孙国峰认为,中国的金融科技监管要注重微观功能监管和宏观审慎管理相结合。

微观功能监管采取穿透式监管,根据金融科技的金融特征,按照相关业务的类别由相关监管当局进行监管,实现监管全覆盖,避免监管空白。宏观审慎管理是把金融科技纳入到宏观审慎管理框架当中去,完善支付机构客户备付金集中制度。而且很重要的是,应当把具有系统重要性的金融科技公司纳入宏观审慎管理框架。

“美国在穿透式监管、功能监管等方面的经验值得借鉴。在美国,不管金融科技以何种形态出现,均根据涉及的金融业务性质纳入到相应的金融监管体系之中。此外,美国还有联邦消费者保护法、联邦金融消费者保护局,从行为监管的角度保护相关消费者的合法权益。”孙国峰说。

他还指出,对第三方支付机构的客户备付金要有一个风险准备金的管理。而且应当把具有系统重要性的金融科技公司纳入宏观审慎管理框架。比如,金融科技巨头凭借丰富的产品线,汇集了大量数据,客观上形成了数据垄断、数据寡头,造成信息孤岛,不利于行业健康有序发展。现在网联成立了,明年6月30日起支付机构受理的涉及银行账户的网络支付业务全部通过网联平台处理,第三方支付机构不能直接和银行联网进行网络支付业务,这样有助于管理层了解和掌握第三方支付机构和银行发生的相关数据,从而打破数据垄断。

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