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朱邦凌:从贾跃亭违背承诺看上市公司治理“痛点”

2017-09-18 07:31:39   中国经济网

朱邦凌

9月12日,深交所向乐视网发去问询函,要求乐视网就乐视创始人贾跃亭曾对上市公司许下的“借款”、“增持”承诺落空事宜作出回答。此前在2015年,贾跃亭曾承诺将减持所得资金全部借予上市公司使用,将还款所得资金全部用于增持乐视网股份。但乐视网2017年半年报显示,公司已向贾跃亭归还全部借款。

2014年以来,贾跃芳、贾跃亭姐弟以“向上市公司借款”、“支持上市公司发展”等为理由进行减持,累计套现约140亿元。但减持曾许下的借款承诺、增持承诺均落空。

乐视网是否涉嫌信息披露违规,需要有关部门最终认定。但贾跃亭巨额减持背景下的违背承诺行为,不只反映出A股市场诚信文化、契约精神、信用制度建设存在着不足,也反映了上市公司整体治理存在若干漏洞与盲点,需要补齐上市公司治理短板。

换一个角度来看,治理失信行为,也不能只靠发去问询函、记入诚信档案等软约束,而应当将违背承诺与民事赔偿结合起来,让投资者可以向重大违背承诺的大股东、实际控制人追偿损失。

贾跃亭巨额减持叠加违背两项重大承诺,突出反映“一股独大”这一A股上市公司治理的最大痛点。

2015年5月前,贾跃亭持有乐视网8.3亿股股份,占全部股本的44.85%。之后,贾跃亭曾有过三次大规模减持,仅仅依靠出售乐视网股权,贾跃亭个人即套现117.41亿元。2015年6月~2017年1月大约一年半时间里,贾跃亭持股比例由近45%降到26.45%。

“一股独大”就是在公司股本结构中大股东占据绝对控股地位,这一现象在A股比较普遍,并在很多情况下会造成公司内部治理结构失衡,达不到相互制约的作用。其弊端一是限售股源源不断,导致巨额减持;二是向大股东利益输送的情形屡屡发生;三是财务造假和信息披露违规,在上市公司实践中,没有约束的大股东容易成为“霸道总裁”,公司其他董监高只能对其唯命是从。

“一股独大”如果不能很好地加以控制,甚至会造成上市公司完全失控,直接挑战监管底线。ST慧球就是一家因公司治理混乱而被实施ST的公司,被投资者称为“A股最流氓公司”。2016年以来,ST慧球频繁爆出信息披露和规范运作重大违规,违反勤勉尽责的基本要求,蓄意挑战监管底线。今年5月,证监会对ST慧球发布“1001项议案”等信息披露违法违规案,作出行政处罚及市场禁入决定。

贾跃亭违背两项承诺,也在拷问A股独立董事制度。2015年10月,贾跃亭以协议方式转让其持有的部分乐视网股票,由投资机构鑫根基金接盘,股份转让总价款共计32亿元。乐视网当时公告称,根据相关承诺及《借款协议》的约定,为保证减持资金的使用效率,贾跃亭在借款期限内,无权主动收回该笔资金;若公司提出提前还款意向,需经公司股东大会审议通过,届时独立董事需发表独立意见,贾跃亭需回避对应关联交易的表决。

后来,乐视网如何审议并通过向贾跃亭归还全部借款,独立董事如何发表的独立意见,我们无从得知,需经监管部门认定。但“独董不独”、“独董不懂”、“花瓶董事”问题,却是长期以来上市公司中存在的普遍问题。

我国独立董事制度应借鉴欧美成熟市场经验,多从有丰富管理经验的其他公司高层和专业人士中任命,应逐步走职业化道路,并成立具有行业协会性质的独立董事公会,由独立董事公会参与决定独董的任免,而不是完全由大股东根据个人喜好或者利益来选择。

目前,A股上市公司治理中还突出存在大股东侵占中小投资者合法权益、董监高的忠实和勤勉义务不充分、监事会无力、激励机制和约束机制疲弱、信息披露虚假记载、重大遗漏、误导性陈述等问题。

至于大股东承诺的法律效力和法律关系,也需要社会各界进行讨论。目前只是软性约束为主,并没有民事赔偿方面的先例。笔者认为,大股东承诺虽然具有自愿性,并非法律强迫,但一旦作出承诺,就建立了法律上的民事权利义务关系。对于违反增持等承诺的行为,应承担相应的民事责任。

(作者为财经专栏作家)

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